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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "dos2unix 1"
.TH dos2unix 1 "2012-09-15" "dos2unix" "2017-03-10"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
dos2unix \- DOS/Mac to Unix and vice versa text file format converter
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
.Vb 2
\&    dos2unix [options] [FILE ...] [\-n INFILE OUTFILE ...]
\&    unix2dos [options] [FILE ...] [\-n INFILE OUTFILE ...]
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The Dos2unix package includes utilities \f(CW\*(C`dos2unix\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`unix2dos\*(C'\fR to convert
plain text files in \s-1DOS\s0 or Mac format to Unix format and vice versa.
.PP
In DOS/Windows text files a line break, also known as newline, is a combination
of two characters: a Carriage Return (\s-1CR\s0) followed by a Line Feed (\s-1LF\s0). In Unix
text files a line break is a single character: the Line Feed (\s-1LF\s0). In Mac text
files, prior to Mac \s-1OS X,\s0 a line break was single Carriage Return (\s-1CR\s0)
character. Nowadays Mac \s-1OS\s0 uses Unix style (\s-1LF\s0) line breaks.
.PP
Binary files are automatically skipped, unless conversion is forced.
.PP
Non-regular files, such as directories and FIFOs, are automatically skipped.
.PP
Symbolic links and their targets are by default kept untouched.
Symbolic links can optionally be replaced, or the output can be written
to the symbolic link target.
Symbolic links on Windows are not supported. Windows symbolic links
always replaced, keeping the targets unchanged.
.PP
Dos2unix was modelled after dos2unix under SunOS/Solaris and has similar
conversion modes.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-\-\fR" 4
.IX Item "--"
Treat all following options as file names. Use this option if you want to
convert files whose names start with a dash. For instance to convert
a file named \*(L"\-foo\*(R", you can use this command:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    dos2unix \-\- \-foo
.Ve
.Sp
Or in new file mode:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    dos2unix \-n \-\- \-foo out.txt
.Ve
.IP "\fB\-ascii\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ascii"
Convert only line breaks. This is the default conversion mode.
.IP "\fB\-iso\fR" 4
.IX Item "-iso"
Conversion between \s-1DOS\s0 and \s-1ISO\-8859\-1\s0 character set. See also section
\&\s-1CONVERSION MODES.\s0
.IP "\fB\-1252\fR" 4
.IX Item "-1252"
Use Windows code page 1252 (Western European).
.IP "\fB\-437\fR" 4
.IX Item "-437"
Use \s-1DOS\s0 code page 437 (\s-1US\s0). This is the default code page used for \s-1ISO\s0 conversion.
.IP "\fB\-850\fR" 4
.IX Item "-850"
Use \s-1DOS\s0 code page 850 (Western European).
.IP "\fB\-860\fR" 4
.IX Item "-860"
Use \s-1DOS\s0 code page 860 (Portuguese).
.IP "\fB\-863\fR" 4
.IX Item "-863"
Use \s-1DOS\s0 code page 863 (French Canadian).
.IP "\fB\-865\fR" 4
.IX Item "-865"
Use \s-1DOS\s0 code page 865 (Nordic).
.IP "\fB\-7\fR" 4
.IX Item "-7"
Convert 8 bit characters to 7 bit space.
.IP "\fB\-c, \-\-convmode \s-1CONVMODE\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "-c, --convmode CONVMODE"
Set conversion mode. Where \s-1CONVMODE\s0 is one of:
\&\fIascii\fR, \fI7bit\fR, \fIiso\fR, \fImac\fR
with ascii being the default.
.IP "\fB\-f, \-\-force\fR" 4
.IX Item "-f, --force"
Force conversion of binary files.
.IP "\fB\-h, \-\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-h, --help"
Display help and exit.
.IP "\fB\-k, \-\-keepdate\fR" 4
.IX Item "-k, --keepdate"
Keep the date stamp of output file same as input file.
.IP "\fB\-L, \-\-license\fR" 4
.IX Item "-L, --license"
Display program's license.
.IP "\fB\-l, \-\-newline\fR" 4
.IX Item "-l, --newline"
Add additional newline.
.Sp
\&\fBdos2unix\fR: Only \s-1DOS\s0 line breaks are changed to two Unix line breaks.
In Mac mode only Mac line breaks are changed to two Unix
line breaks.
.Sp
\&\fBunix2dos\fR: Only Unix line breaks are changed to two \s-1DOS\s0 line breaks.
In Mac mode Unix line breaks are changed to two Mac line breaks.
.IP "\fB\-m, \-\-add\-bom\fR" 4
.IX Item "-m, --add-bom"
Write an \s-1UTF\-8\s0 Byte Order Mark in the output file. Never use this option when
the output encoding is other than \s-1UTF\-8.\s0 See also section \s-1UNICODE.\s0
.IP "\fB\-n, \-\-newfile \s-1INFILE OUTFILE ...\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "-n, --newfile INFILE OUTFILE ..."
New file mode. Convert file \s-1INFILE\s0 and write output to file \s-1OUTFILE.\s0
File names must be given in pairs and wildcard names should \fInot\fR be
used or you \fIwill\fR lose your files.
.Sp
The person who starts the conversion in new file (paired) mode will be the owner
of the converted file. The read/write permissions of the new file will be the
permissions of the original file minus the \fIumask\fR\|(1) of the person who runs the
conversion.
.IP "\fB\-o, \-\-oldfile \s-1FILE ...\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "-o, --oldfile FILE ..."
Old file mode. Convert file \s-1FILE\s0 and overwrite output to it. The program
defaults to run in this mode. Wildcard names may be used.
.Sp
In old file (in-place) mode the converted file gets the same owner, group, and
read/write permissions as the original file. Also when the file is converted by
another user who has write permissions on the file (e.g. user root).  The
conversion will be aborted when it is not possible to preserve the original
values.  Change of owner could mean that the original owner is not able to read
the file any more. Change of group could be a security risk, the file could be
made readable for persons for whom it is not intended.  Preservation of owner,
group, and read/write permissions is only supported on Unix.
.IP "\fB\-q, \-\-quiet\fR" 4
.IX Item "-q, --quiet"
Quiet mode. Suppress all warnings and messages. The return value is zero.
Except when wrong command-line options are used.
.IP "\fB\-s, \-\-safe\fR" 4
.IX Item "-s, --safe"
Skip binary files (default).
.IP "\fB\-F, \-\-follow\-symlink\fR" 4
.IX Item "-F, --follow-symlink"
Follow symbolic links and convert the targets.
.IP "\fB\-R, \-\-replace\-symlink\fR" 4
.IX Item "-R, --replace-symlink"
Replace symbolic links with converted files
(original target files remain unchanged).
.IP "\fB\-S, \-\-skip\-symlink\fR" 4
.IX Item "-S, --skip-symlink"
Keep symbolic links and targets unchanged (default).
.IP "\fB\-V, \-\-version\fR" 4
.IX Item "-V, --version"
Display version information and exit.
.SH "MAC MODE"
.IX Header "MAC MODE"
In normal mode line breaks are converted from \s-1DOS\s0 to Unix and vice versa.
Mac line breaks are not converted.
.PP
In Mac mode line breaks are converted from Mac to Unix and vice versa. \s-1DOS\s0
line breaks are not changed.
.PP
To run in Mac mode use the command-line option \f(CW\*(C`\-c mac\*(C'\fR or use the
commands \f(CW\*(C`mac2unix\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`unix2mac\*(C'\fR.
.SH "CONVERSION MODES"
.IX Header "CONVERSION MODES"
Conversion modes \fIascii\fR, \fI7bit\fR, and \fIiso\fR
are similar to those of dos2unix/unix2dos under SunOS/Solaris.
.IP "\fBascii\fR" 4
.IX Item "ascii"
In mode \f(CW\*(C`ascii\*(C'\fR only line breaks are converted. This is the default
conversion mode.
.Sp
Although the name of this mode is \s-1ASCII,\s0 which is a 7 bit standard, the
actual mode is 8 bit. Use always this mode when converting Unicode \s-1UTF\-8\s0
files.
.IP "\fB7bit\fR" 4
.IX Item "7bit"
In this mode all 8 bit non-ASCII characters (with values from 128 to 255)
are converted to a 7 bit space.
.IP "\fBiso\fR" 4
.IX Item "iso"
Characters are converted between a \s-1DOS\s0 character set (code page) and \s-1ISO\s0
character set \s-1ISO\-8859\-1 \s0(Latin\-1) on Unix. \s-1DOS\s0 characters without \s-1ISO\-8859\-1\s0
equivalent, for which conversion is not possible, are converted to a dot. The
same counts for \s-1ISO\-8859\-1\s0 characters without \s-1DOS\s0 counterpart.
.Sp
When only option \f(CW\*(C`\-iso\*(C'\fR is used dos2unix will try to determine the active code
page. When this is not possible dos2unix will use default code page \s-1CP437,\s0
which is mainly used in the \s-1USA. \s0 To force a specific code page use options
\&\f(CW\*(C`\-437\*(C'\fR (\s-1US\s0), \f(CW\*(C`\-850\*(C'\fR (Western European), \f(CW\*(C`\-860\*(C'\fR (Portuguese), \f(CW\*(C`\-863\*(C'\fR (French
Canadian), or \f(CW\*(C`\-865\*(C'\fR (Nordic).  Windows code page \s-1CP1252 \s0(Western European) is
also supported with option \f(CW\*(C`\-1252\*(C'\fR. For other code pages use dos2unix in
combination with \fIiconv\fR\|(1).  Iconv can convert between a long list of character
encodings.
.Sp
Never use \s-1ISO\s0 converion on Unicode text files. It will corrupt \s-1UTF\-8\s0 encoded files.
.Sp
Some examples:
.Sp
Convert from \s-1DOS\s0 default code page to Unix Latin\-1
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    dos2unix \-iso \-n in.txt out.txt
.Ve
.Sp
Convert from \s-1DOS CP850\s0 to Unix Latin\-1
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    dos2unix \-850 \-n in.txt out.txt
.Ve
.Sp
Convert from Windows \s-1CP1252\s0 to Unix Latin\-1
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    dos2unix \-1252 \-n in.txt out.txt
.Ve
.Sp
Convert from Windows \s-1CP1252\s0 to Unix \s-1UTF\-8 \s0(Unicode)
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    iconv \-f CP1252 \-t UTF\-8 in.txt | dos2unix > out.txt
.Ve
.Sp
Convert from Unix Latin\-1 to \s-1DOS\s0 default code page.
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    unix2dos \-iso \-n in.txt out.txt
.Ve
.Sp
Convert from Unix Latin\-1 to \s-1DOS CP850\s0
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    unix2dos \-850 \-n in.txt out.txt
.Ve
.Sp
Convert from Unix Latin\-1 to Windows \s-1CP1252\s0
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    unix2dos \-1252 \-n in.txt out.txt
.Ve
.Sp
Convert from Unix \s-1UTF\-8 \s0(Unicode) to Windows \s-1CP1252\s0
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    unix2dos < in.txt | iconv \-f UTF\-8 \-t CP1252 > out.txt
.Ve
.Sp
See also <http://czyborra.com/charsets/codepages.html>
and <http://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859.html>.
.SH "UNICODE"
.IX Header "UNICODE"
.SS "Encodings"
.IX Subsection "Encodings"
There exist different Unicode encodings. On Unix and Linux Unicode files are
typically encoded in \s-1UTF\-8\s0 encoding. On Windows Unicode text files can be
encoded in \s-1UTF\-8, UTF\-16,\s0 or \s-1UTF\-16\s0 big endian, but are mostly encoded in
\&\s-1UTF\-16\s0 format.
.SS "Conversion"
.IX Subsection "Conversion"
Unicode text files can have \s-1DOS,\s0 Unix or Mac line breaks, like regular text
files.
.PP
All versions of dos2unix and unix2dos can convert \s-1UTF\-8\s0 encoded files, because
\&\s-1UTF\-8\s0 was designed for backward compatiblity with \s-1ASCII.\s0
.PP
Dos2unix and unix2dos with Unicode \s-1UTF\-16\s0 support, can read little and big
endian \s-1UTF\-16\s0 encoded text files. To see if dos2unix was built with \s-1UTF\-16\s0
support type \f(CW\*(C`dos2unix \-V\*(C'\fR.
.PP
The Windows versions of dos2unix and unix2dos convert \s-1UTF\-16\s0 encoded files
always to \s-1UTF\-8\s0 encoded files. Unix versions of dos2unix/unix2dos convert
\&\s-1UTF\-16\s0 encoded files to the locale character encoding when it is set to \s-1UTF\-8.\s0
Use the \fIlocale\fR\|(1) command to find out what the locale character encoding is.
.PP
Because \s-1UTF\-8\s0 formatted text files are well supported on both Windows and Unix,
dos2unix and unix2dos have no option to write \s-1UTF\-16\s0 files. All \s-1UTF\-16\s0
characters can be encoded in \s-1UTF\-8.\s0 Conversion from \s-1UTF\-16\s0 to \s-1UTF\-8\s0 is without
loss. \s-1UTF\-16\s0 files will be skipped on Unix when the locale character encoding
is not \s-1UTF\-8,\s0 to prevent accidental loss of text. When an \s-1UTF\-16\s0 to \s-1UTF\-8\s0
conversion error occurs, for instance when the \s-1UTF\-16\s0 input file contains
an error, the file will be skipped.
.PP
\&\s-1ISO\s0 and 7\-bit mode conversion do not work on \s-1UTF\-16\s0 files.
.SS "Byte Order Mark"
.IX Subsection "Byte Order Mark"
On Windows Unicode text files typically have a Byte Order Mark (\s-1BOM\s0), because
many Windows programs (including Notepad) add BOMs by default. See also
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_order_mark>.
.PP
On Unix Unicode files typically don't have a \s-1BOM.\s0 It is assumed that text files
are encoded in the locale character encoding.
.PP
Dos2unix can only detect if a file is in \s-1UTF\-16\s0 format if the file has a \s-1BOM.\s0
When an \s-1UTF\-16\s0 file doesn't have a \s-1BOM,\s0 dos2unix will see the file as a binary
file.
.PP
Use dos2unix in combination with \fIiconv\fR\|(1) to convert an \s-1UTF\-16\s0 file without
\&\s-1BOM.\s0
.PP
Dos2unix never writes a \s-1BOM\s0 in the output file, unless you use option \f(CW\*(C`\-m\*(C'\fR.
.PP
Unix2dos writes a \s-1BOM\s0 in the output file when the input file has a \s-1BOM,\s0 or
when option \f(CW\*(C`\-m\*(C'\fR is used.
.SS "Unicode examples"
.IX Subsection "Unicode examples"
Convert from Windows \s-1UTF\-16 \s0(with \s-1BOM\s0) to Unix \s-1UTF\-8\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    dos2unix \-n in.txt out.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert from Windows \s-1UTF\-16 \s0(without \s-1BOM\s0) to Unix \s-1UTF\-8\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    iconv \-f UTF\-16 \-t UTF\-8 in.txt | dos2unix > out.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert from Unix \s-1UTF\-8\s0 to Windows \s-1UTF\-8\s0 with \s-1BOM\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    unix2dos \-m \-n in.txt out.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert from Unix \s-1UTF\-8\s0 to Windows \s-1UTF\-16\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    unix2dos < in.txt | iconv \-f UTF\-8 \-t UTF\-16 > out.txt
.Ve
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Read input from 'stdin' and write output to 'stdout'.
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    dos2unix
\&    dos2unix \-l \-c mac
.Ve
.PP
Convert and replace a.txt. Convert and replace b.txt.
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    dos2unix a.txt b.txt
\&    dos2unix \-o a.txt b.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert and replace a.txt in ascii conversion mode.
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    dos2unix a.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert and replace a.txt in ascii conversion mode.
Convert and replace b.txt in 7bit conversion mode.
.PP
.Vb 3
\&    dos2unix a.txt \-c 7bit b.txt
\&    dos2unix \-c ascii a.txt \-c 7bit b.txt
\&    dos2unix \-ascii a.txt \-7 b.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert a.txt from Mac to Unix format.
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    dos2unix \-c mac a.txt
\&    mac2unix a.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert a.txt from Unix to Mac format.
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    unix2dos \-c mac a.txt
\&    unix2mac a.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert and replace a.txt while keeping original date stamp.
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    dos2unix \-k a.txt
\&    dos2unix \-k \-o a.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert a.txt and write to e.txt.
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    dos2unix \-n a.txt e.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert a.txt and write to e.txt, keep date stamp of e.txt same as a.txt.
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    dos2unix \-k \-n a.txt e.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert and replace a.txt. Convert b.txt and write to e.txt.
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    dos2unix a.txt \-n b.txt e.txt
\&    dos2unix \-o a.txt \-n b.txt e.txt
.Ve
.PP
Convert c.txt and write to e.txt. Convert and replace a.txt.
Convert and replace b.txt. Convert d.txt and write to f.txt.
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    dos2unix \-n c.txt e.txt \-o a.txt b.txt \-n d.txt f.txt
.Ve
.SH "RECURSIVE CONVERSION"
.IX Header "RECURSIVE CONVERSION"
Use dos2unix in combination with the \fIfind\fR\|(1) and \fIxargs\fR\|(1) commands to
recursively convert text files in a directory tree structure. For instance to
convert all .txt files in the directory tree under the current directory type:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    find . \-name *.txt |xargs dos2unix
.Ve
.SH "LOCALIZATION"
.IX Header "LOCALIZATION"
.IP "\fB\s-1LANG\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "LANG"
The primary language is selected with the environment variable \s-1LANG.\s0 The \s-1LANG\s0
variable consists out of several parts. The first part is in small letters the
language code. The second is optional and is the country code in capital
letters, preceded with an underscore. There is also an optional third part:
character encoding, preceded with a dot. A few examples for \s-1POSIX\s0 standard type
shells:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&    export LANG=nl               Dutch
\&    export LANG=nl_NL            Dutch, The Netherlands
\&    export LANG=nl_BE            Dutch, Belgium
\&    export LANG=es_ES            Spanish, Spain
\&    export LANG=es_MX            Spanish, Mexico
\&    export LANG=en_US.iso88591   English, USA, Latin\-1 encoding
\&    export LANG=en_GB.UTF\-8      English, UK, UTF\-8 encoding
.Ve
.Sp
For a complete list of language and country codes see the gettext manual:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Language\-Codes>
.Sp
On Unix systems you can use to command \fIlocale\fR\|(1) to get locale specific
information.
.IP "\fB\s-1LANGUAGE\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "LANGUAGE"
With the \s-1LANGUAGE\s0 environment variable you can specify a priority list of
languages, separated by colons. Dos2unix gives preference to \s-1LANGUAGE\s0 over \s-1LANG.\s0
For instance, first Dutch and then German: \f(CW\*(C`LANGUAGE=nl:de\*(C'\fR. You have to first
enable localization, by setting \s-1LANG \s0(or \s-1LC_ALL\s0) to a value other than
\&\*(L"C\*(R", before you can use a language priority list through the \s-1LANGUAGE\s0
variable. See also the gettext manual:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#The\-LANGUAGE\-variable>
.Sp
If you select a language which is not available you will get the
standard English messages.
.IP "\fB\s-1DOS2UNIX_LOCALEDIR\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "DOS2UNIX_LOCALEDIR"
With the environment variable \s-1DOS2UNIX_LOCALEDIR\s0 the \s-1LOCALEDIR\s0 set
during compilation can be overruled. \s-1LOCALEDIR\s0 is used to find the
language files. The \s-1GNU\s0 default value is \f(CW\*(C`/usr/local/share/locale\*(C'\fR.
Option \fB\-\-version\fR will display the \s-1LOCALEDIR\s0 that is used.
.Sp
Example (\s-1POSIX\s0 shell):
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    export DOS2UNIX_LOCALEDIR=$HOME/share/locale
.Ve
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
.IX Header "RETURN VALUE"
On success, zero is returned.  When a system error occurs the last system error will be
returned. For other errors 1 is returned.
.PP
The return value is always zero in quiet mode, except when wrong command-line options
are used.
.SH "STANDARDS"
.IX Header "STANDARDS"
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_file>
.PP
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage_return>
.PP
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline>
.PP
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode>
.SH "AUTHORS"
.IX Header "AUTHORS"
Benjamin Lin \- <blin@socs.uts.edu.au>
Bernd Johannes Wuebben (mac2unix mode) \- <wuebben@kde.org>,
Christian Wurll (add extra newline) \- <wurll@ira.uka.de>,
Erwin Waterlander \- <waterlan@xs4all.nl> (Maintainer)
.PP
Project page: <http://waterlan.home.xs4all.nl/dos2unix.html>
.PP
SourceForge page: <http://sourceforge.net/projects/dos2unix/>
.PP
Freecode: <http://freecode.com/projects/dos2unix>
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fIfile\fR\|(1)
\&\fIfind\fR\|(1)
\&\fIiconv\fR\|(1)
\&\fIlocale\fR\|(1)
\&\fIxargs\fR\|(1)