
=head1 名前

virt-v2v - Convert a guest to use KVM

=head1 書式

 virt-v2v [-i mode] [other -i* options]
          [-o mode] [other -o* options]
          [guest|filename]

=head1 説明

Virt-v2v converts a single guest from a foreign hypervisor to run on KVM. It can read Linux and Windows guests running on VMware, Xen, Hyper-V and some other hypervisors, and convert them to KVM managed by libvirt, OpenStack, oVirt, Red Hat Virtualisation (RHV) or several other targets.  It can modify the guest to make it bootable on KVM and install virtio drivers so it will run quickly.

There is also a companion front-end called L<virt-p2v(1)> which comes as an ISO, CD or PXE image that can be booted on physical machines to virtualize those machines (physical to virtual, or p2v).

For in-place conversion, there is a separate tool called L<virt-v2v-in-place(1)>.

=head2 Input and Output

You normally run virt-v2v with several I<-i*> options controlling the input mode and also several I<-o*> options controlling the output mode.  In this sense, "input" refers to the source foreign hypervisor such as VMware, and "output" refers to the target KVM-based management system such as oVirt or OpenStack.

The input and output sides of virt-v2v are separate and unrelated.  Virt-v2v can read from any input and write to any output.  Therefore these sides of virt-v2v are documented separately in this manual.

Virt-v2v normally copies from the input to the output, called "copying mode".  In this case the source guest is always left unchanged.  In-place conversions may be done using L<virt-v2v-in-place(1)>.

=head2 Other virt-v2v topics

L<virt-v2v-support(1)> — Supported hypervisors, virtualization management systems, guests.

L<virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)> — Input from VMware.

L<virt-v2v-input-xen(1)> — Input from Xen.

L<virt-v2v-output-local(1)> — Output to local files or local libvirt.

L<virt-v2v-output-rhv(1)> — Output to oVirt or RHV.

L<virt-v2v-output-openstack(1)> — Output to OpenStack.

L<virt-v2v-release-notes-1.42(1)> — Release notes for 1.42 release.

L<virt-v2v-release-notes-2.0(1)> — Release notes for 2.0 release.

=head1 例

=head2 Convert from VMware vCenter server to local libvirt

You have a VMware vCenter server called C<vcenter.example.com>, a datacenter called C<Datacenter>, and an ESXi hypervisor called C<esxi>.  You want to convert a guest called C<vmware_guest> to run locally under libvirt.

 virt-v2v -ic vpx://vcenter.example.com/Datacenter/esxi vmware_guest

In this case you will most likely have to run virt-v2v as C<root>, since it needs to talk to the system libvirt daemon and copy the guest disks to F</var/lib/libvirt/images>.

For more information see L<virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)>.

=head2 Convert from VMware to RHV/oVirt

This is the same as the previous example, except you want to send the guest to a RHV Data Domain using the RHV REST API.  Guest network interface(s) are connected to the target network called C<ovirtmgmt>.

 virt-v2v -ic vpx://vcenter.example.com/Datacenter/esxi vmware_guest \
   -o rhv-upload -oc https://ovirt-engine.example.com/ovirt-engine/api \
   -os ovirt-data -op /tmp/ovirt-admin-password -of raw \
   -oo rhv-cafile=/tmp/ca.pem --bridge ovirtmgmt

In this case the host running virt-v2v acts as a B<conversion server>.

For more information see L<virt-v2v-output-rhv(1)>.

=head2 Convert from ESXi hypervisor over SSH to local libvirt

You have an ESXi hypervisor called C<esxi.example.com> with SSH access enabled.  You want to convert from VMFS storage on that server to a local file.

 virt-v2v \
   -i vmx -it ssh \
   "ssh://root@esxi.example.com/vmfs/volumes/datastore1/guest/guest.vmx" \
   -o local -os /var/tmp

The guest must not be running.  Virt-v2v would I<not> need to be run as root in this case.

For more information about converting from VMX files see L<virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)>.

=head2 Convert disk image to OpenStack

Given a disk image from another hypervisor that you want to convert to run on OpenStack (only KVM-based OpenStack is supported), you can run virt-v2v inside an OpenStack VM (called C<v2v-vm> below), and do:

 virt-v2v -i disk disk.img -o openstack -oo server-id=v2v-vm

See L<virt-v2v-output-openstack(1)>.

=head2 Convert disk image to disk image

Given a disk image from another hypervisor that you want to convert to run on KVM, you have two options.  The simplest way is to try:

 virt-v2v -i disk disk.img -o local -os /var/tmp

where virt-v2v guesses everything about the input F<disk.img> and (in this case) writes the converted result to F</var/tmp>.

A more complex method is to write some L<libvirt XML|http://libvirt.org/formatdomain.html> describing the input guest (if you can get the source hypervisor to provide you with libvirt XML, then so much the better).  You can then do:

 virt-v2v -i libvirtxml guest-domain.xml -o local -os /var/tmp

Since F<guest-domain.xml> contains the path(s) to the guest disk image(s) you do not need to specify the name of the disk image on the command line.

To convert a local disk image and immediately boot it in local qemu, do:

 virt-v2v -i disk disk.img -o qemu -os /var/tmp -oo qemu-boot

=head1 オプション

=over 4

=item B<--help>

ヘルプを表示します。

=item B<--bandwidth> bps

=item B<--bandwidth-file> filename

Some input methods are able to limit the network bandwidth they will use statically or dynamically.  In the first variant this sets the bandwidth limit statically in bits per second.  Formats like C<10M> may be used (meaning 10 megabits per second).

In the second variant the bandwidth is limited dynamically from the content of the file (also in bits per second, in the same formats supported by the first variant).  You may use both parameters together, meaning: first limit to a static rate, then you can create the file while virt-v2v is running to adjust the rate dynamically.

This is only supported for:

=over 4

=item *

L<input from Xen|virt-v2v-input-xen(1)>

=item *

L<input from VMware VMX|virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)/INPUT FROM VMWARE VMX> when using the SSH transport method

=item *

L<input from VDDK|virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)/INPUT FROM VDDK>

=item *

I<-i libvirtxml> when using HTTP or HTTPS disks

=item *

L<input from VMware vCenter server|virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)/INPUT FROM VMWARE VCENTER SERVER>

=back

The options are silently ignored for other input methods.

=item B<-b> ...

=item B<--bridge> ...

See I<--network> below.

=item B<--colors>

=item B<--colours>

Use ANSI colour sequences to colourize messages.  This is the default when the output is a tty.  If the output of the program is redirected to a file, ANSI colour sequences are disabled unless you use this option.

=item B<--compressed>

This is the same as I<-oo compressed>.

=item B<--echo-keys>

When prompting for keys and passphrases, virt-v2v normally turns echoing off so you cannot see what you are typing.  If you are not worried about Tempest attacks and there is no one else in the room you can specify this flag to see what you are typing.

Note this options only applies to keys and passphrases for encrypted devices and partitions, not for passwords used to connect to remote servers.

=item B<-i> B<disk>

Set the input method to I<disk>.

In this mode you can read a virtual machine disk image with no metadata. virt-v2v tries to guess the best default metadata.  This is usually adequate but you can get finer control (eg. of memory and vCPUs) by using I<-i libvirtxml> instead.  Only guests that use a single disk can be imported this way.

=item B<-i> B<libvirt>

Set the input method to I<libvirt>.  This is the default.

In this mode you have to specify a libvirt guest name or UUID on the command line.  You may also specify a libvirt connection URI (see I<-ic>).

=item B<-i> B<libvirtxml>

Set the input method to I<libvirtxml>.

In this mode you have to pass a libvirt XML file on the command line.  This file is read in order to get metadata about the source guest (such as its name, amount of memory), and also to locate the input disks.  See L</Minimal XML for -i libvirtxml option> below.

=item B<-i> B<local>

This is the same as I<-i disk>.

=item B<-i> B<ova>

Set the input method to I<ova>.

In this mode you can read a VMware ova file.  Virt-v2v will read the ova manifest file and check the vmdk volumes for validity (checksums)  as well as analyzing the ovf file, and then convert the guest.  See L<virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)>.

=item B<-i> B<vmx>

Set the input method to I<vmx>.

In this mode you can read a VMware vmx file directly or over SSH.  This is useful when VMware VMs are stored on an NFS server which you can mount directly, or where you have access by SSH to an ESXi hypervisor.  See L<virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)>.

=item B<-ic> libvirtURI

Specify a libvirt connection URI to use when reading the guest.  This is only used when S<I<-i libvirt>>.

Only local libvirt connections, VMware vCenter connections, or RHEL 5 Xen remote connections can be used.  Other remote libvirt connections will not work in general.

See also L<virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)>, L<virt-v2v-input-xen(1)>.

=item B<-if> format

For I<-i disk> only, this specifies the format of the input disk image.  For other input methods you should specify the input format in the metadata.

=item B<-io> OPTION=VALUE

Set input option(s) related to the current input mode or transport.  To display short help on what options are available you can use:

 virt-v2v -it vddk -io "?"

=item B<-io vddk-libdir=>LIBDIR

Set the VDDK library directory.  This directory should I<contain> subdirectories called F<include>, F<lib64> etc., but do not include F<lib64> actually in the parameter.

In most cases this parameter is required when using the I<-it vddk> (VDDK) transport.  See L<virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)> for details.

=item B<-io vddk-thumbprint=>xx:xx:xx:...

Set the thumbprint of the remote VMware server.

This parameter is required when using the I<-it vddk> (VDDK) transport.  See L<virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)> for details.

=item B<-io vddk-config=>FILENAME

=item B<-io vddk-cookie=>COOKIE

=item B<-io vddk-nfchostport=>PORT

=item B<-io vddk-port=>PORT

=item B<-io vddk-snapshot=>SNAPSHOT-MOREF

=item B<-io vddk-transports=>MODE:MODE:...

When using VDDK mode, these options are passed unmodified to the L<nbdkit(1)> VDDK plugin.  Please refer to L<nbdkit-vddk-plugin(1)>.  Do not use these options unless you know what you are doing.  These are all optional.

=item B<-ip> filename

Supply a file containing a password to be used when connecting to the target hypervisor.  If this is omitted then the input hypervisor may ask for the password interactively.  Note the file should contain the whole password, B<without any trailing newline>, and for security the file should have mode C<0600> so that others cannot read it.

=item B<-it> B<ssh>

When using I<-i vmx>, this enables the ssh transport.  See L<virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)>.

=item B<-it> B<vddk>

Use VMware VDDK as a transport to copy the input disks.  See L<virt-v2v-input-vmware(1)>.  If you use this parameter then you may need to use other I<-io vddk*> options to specify how to connect through VDDK.

__INCLUDE:key-option.pod__

__INCLUDE:keys-from-stdin-option.pod__

Note I<--keys-from-stdin> only applies to keys and passphrases for encrypted devices and partitions, not for passwords used to connect to remote servers.

=item B<--mac> aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ffB<:network:>out

=item B<--mac> aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ffB<:bridge:>out

Map source NIC MAC address to a network or bridge.

See L</Networks and bridges> below.

=item B<--mac> aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ffB<:ip:>ipaddr[,gw[,len[,ns,ns,...]]]

Force a particular interface (controlled by its MAC address) to have a static IP address after boot.

The fields in the parameter are: C<ipaddr> is the IP address.  C<gw> is the optional gateway IP address.  C<len> is the subnet mask length (an integer).  The final parameters are zero or more nameserver IP addresses.

This option can be supplied zero or more times.

You only need to use this option for certain broken guests such as Windows which are unable to preserve MAC to static IP address mappings automatically.  You don't need to use it if Windows is using DHCP.  It is currently ignored for Linux guests since they do not have this problem.

=item B<--machine-readable>

=item B<--machine-readable>=format

This option is used to make the output more machine friendly when being parsed by other programs.  See L</Machine readable output> below.

=item B<-n> in:out

=item B<-n> out

=item B<--network> in:out

=item B<--network> out

=item B<-b> in:out

=item B<-b> out

=item B<--bridge> in:out

=item B<--bridge> out

Map network (or bridge) called C<in> to network (or bridge) called C<out>. If no C<in:> prefix is given, all other networks (or bridges)  are mapped to C<out>.

See L</Networks and bridges> below.

=item B<-o> B<disk>

This is the same as I<-o local>.

=item B<-o> B<glance>

This is a legacy option.  You should probably use I<-o openstack> instead.

Set the output method to OpenStack Glance.  In this mode the converted guest is uploaded to Glance.  See L<virt-v2v-output-openstack(1)>.

=item B<-o> B<json>

This option is deprecated and will be removed in S<virt-v2v 2.2>.

=item B<-o> B<libvirt>

Set the output method to I<libvirt>.  This is the default.

In this mode, the converted guest is created as a libvirt guest.  You may also specify a libvirt connection URI (see I<-oc>).

See L<virt-v2v-output-local(1)>.

=item B<-o> B<local>

Set the output method to I<local>.

In this mode, the converted guest is written to a local directory specified by I<-os /dir> (the directory must exist).  The converted guest’s disks are written as:

 /dir/name-sda
 /dir/name-sdb
 [etc]

and a libvirt XML file is created containing guest metadata:

 /dir/name.xml

where C<name> is the guest name.

=item B<-o> B<null>

Set the output method to I<null>.

The guest is converted and copied but the results are thrown away and no metadata is written.

=item B<-o> B<openstack>

Set the output method to OpenStack.  See L<virt-v2v-output-openstack(1)>.

=item B<-o> B<ovirt>

This is the same as I<-o rhv>.

=item B<-o> B<ovirt-upload>

This is the same as I<-o rhv-upload>.

=item B<-o> B<qemu>

Set the output method to I<qemu>.

This is similar to I<-o local>, except that a shell script is written which you can use to boot the guest in qemu.  The converted disks and shell script are written to the directory specified by I<-os>.

When using this output mode, you can also specify the I<-oo qemu-boot> option which boots the guest under qemu immediately.

=item B<-o> B<rhev>

This is the same as I<-o rhv>.

=item B<-o> B<rhv>

Set the output method to I<rhv>.

The converted guest is written to a RHV Export Storage Domain.  The I<-os> parameter must also be used to specify the location of the Export Storage Domain.  Note this does not actually import the guest into RHV.  You have to do that manually later using the UI.

See L<virt-v2v-output-rhv(1)>.

=item B<-o> B<rhv-upload>

Set the output method to I<rhv-upload>.

The converted guest is written directly to a RHV Data Domain.  This is a faster method than I<-o rhv>, but requires oVirt or RHV E<ge> 4.2.

See L<virt-v2v-output-rhv(1)>.

=item B<-o> B<vdsm>

Set the output method to I<vdsm>.

This mode is similar to I<-o rhv>, but the full path to the data domain must be given: F</rhv/data-center/E<lt>data-center-uuidE<gt>/E<lt>data-domain-uuidE<gt>>. This mode is only used when virt-v2v runs under VDSM control.

=item B<-oa> B<sparse>

=item B<-oa> B<preallocated>

Set the output file allocation mode.  The default is C<sparse>.

=item B<-oc> URI

Specify a connection URI to use when writing the converted guest.

For S<I<-o libvirt>> this is the libvirt URI.  Only local libvirt connections can be used.  Remote libvirt connections will not work.  See L<virt-v2v-output-local(1)> for further information.

=item B<-of> format

When converting the guest, convert the disks to the given format.

If not specified, then the input format is used.

=item B<-on> name

Rename the guest when converting it.  If this option is not used then the output name is the same as the input name.

=item B<-oo> OPTION=VALUE

Set output option(s) related to the current output mode.  To display short help on what options are available you can use:

 virt-v2v -o rhv-upload -oo "?"

=item B<-oo compressed>

For outputs which support qcow2 format (I<-of qcow2>), this writes a compressed qcow2 file.  It is the equivalent to the I<-c> option of L<qemu-img(1)>.

=item B<-oo guest-id=>C<ID>

For I<-o openstack> (L<virt-v2v-output-openstack(1)>) only, set a guest ID which is saved on each Cinder volume in the C<virt_v2v_guest_id> volume property.

=item B<-oo qemu-boot>

When using I<-o qemu> only, this boots the guest immediately after virt-v2v finishes.

=item B<-oo verify-server-certificate>

=item B<-oo verify-server-certificate=>C<true|false>

For I<-o openstack> (L<virt-v2v-output-openstack(1)>) only, this can be used to disable SSL certification validation when connecting to OpenStack by specifying I<-oo verify-server-certificate=false>.

=item B<-oo os->*B<=>*

For I<-o openstack> (L<virt-v2v-output-openstack(1)>) only, set optional OpenStack authentication.  For example I<-oo os-username=>NAME is equivalent to C<openstack --os-username=NAME>.

=item B<-oo rhv-cafile=>F<ca.pem>

For I<-o rhv-upload> (L<virt-v2v-output-rhv(1)>) only, the F<ca.pem> file (Certificate Authority), copied from F</etc/pki/ovirt-engine/ca.pem> on the oVirt engine.

=item B<-oo rhv-cluster=>C<CLUSTERNAME>

For I<-o rhv-upload> (L<virt-v2v-output-rhv(1)>) only, set the RHV Cluster Name.  If not given it uses C<Default>.

=item B<-oo rhv-proxy>

For I<-o rhv-upload> (L<virt-v2v-output-rhv(1)>) only, proxy the upload through oVirt Engine.  This is slower than uploading directly to the oVirt node but may be necessary if you do not have direct network access to the nodes.

=item B<-oo rhv-verifypeer>

For I<-o rhv-upload> (L<virt-v2v-output-rhv(1)>) only, verify the oVirt/RHV server’s identity by checking the server‘s certificate against the Certificate Authority.

=item B<-oo server-id=>C<NAME|UUID>

For I<-o openstack> (L<virt-v2v-output-openstack(1)>) only, set the name of the conversion appliance where virt-v2v is running.

=item B<-oo vdsm-compat=0.10>

=item B<-oo vdsm-compat=1.1>

If I<-o vdsm> and the output format is qcow2, then we add the qcow2 I<compat=0.10> option to the output file for compatibility with RHEL 6 (see L<https://bugzilla.redhat.com/1145582>).

If I<-oo vdsm-compat=1.1> is used then modern qcow2 (I<compat=1.1>)  files are generated instead.

Currently I<-oo vdsm-compat=0.10> is the default, but this will change to I<-oo vdsm-compat=1.1> in a future version of virt-v2v (when we can assume that everyone is using a modern version of qemu).

B<Note this option only affects I<-o vdsm> output>.  All other output modes (including I<-o rhv>) generate modern qcow2 I<compat=1.1> files, always.

If this option is available, then C<vdsm-compat-option> will appear in the I<--machine-readable> output.

=item B<-oo vdsm-image-uuid=>UUID

=item B<-oo vdsm-vol-uuid=>UUID

=item B<-oo vdsm-vm-uuid=>UUID

=item B<-oo vdsm-ovf-output=>DIR

Normally the RHV output mode chooses random UUIDs for the target guest. However VDSM needs to control the UUIDs and passes these parameters when virt-v2v runs under VDSM control.  The parameters control:

=over 4

=item *

the image directory of each guest disk (I<-oo vdsm-image-uuid>) (this option is passed once for each guest disk)

=item *

UUIDs for each guest disk (I<-oo vdsm-vol-uuid>) (this option is passed once for each guest disk)

=item *

the OVF file name (I<-oo vdsm-vm-uuid>).

=item *

the OVF output directory (default current directory) (I<-oo vdsm-ovf-output>).

=back

The format of UUIDs is: C<12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc> (each hex digit can be C<0-9> or C<a-f>), conforming to S<OSF DCE 1.1>.

These options can only be used with I<-o vdsm>.

=item B<-oo vdsm-ovf-flavour=>flavour

This option controls the format of the OVF generated at the end of conversion.  Currently there are two possible flavours:

=over 4

=item rhvexp

The OVF format used in RHV export storage domain.

=item ovirt

The OVF format understood by oVirt REST API.

=back

For backward compatibility the default is I<rhvexp>, but this may change in the future.

=item B<-op> file

Supply a file containing a password to be used when connecting to the target hypervisor.  Note the file should contain the whole password, B<without any trailing newline>, and for security the file should have mode C<0600> so that others cannot read it.

=item B<-os> storage

The location of the storage for the converted guest.

For I<-o libvirt>, this is a libvirt directory pool (see S<C<virsh pool-list>>) or pool UUID.

For I<-o local> and I<-o qemu>, this is a directory name.  The directory must exist.

For I<-o rhv-upload>, this is the name of the destination Storage Domain.

For I<-o openstack>, this is the optional Cinder volume type.

For I<-o rhv>, this can be an NFS path of the Export Storage Domain of the form C<E<lt>hostE<gt>:E<lt>pathE<gt>>, eg:

 rhv-storage.example.com:/rhv/export

The NFS export must be mountable and writable by the user and host running virt-v2v, since the virt-v2v program has to actually mount it when it runs. So you probably have to run virt-v2v as C<root>.

B<Or:> You can mount the Export Storage Domain yourself, and point I<-os> to the mountpoint.  Note that virt-v2v will still need to write to this remote directory, so virt-v2v will still need to run as C<root>.

You will get an error if virt-v2v is unable to mount/write to the Export Storage Domain.

=item B<--print-source>

Print information about the source guest and stop.  This option is useful when you are setting up network and bridge maps.  See L</Networks and bridges>.

=item B<--qemu-boot>

This is the same as I<-oo qemu-boot>.

=item B<-q>

=item B<--quiet>

This disables progress bars and other unnecessary output.

=item B<--root ask>

=item B<--root single>

=item B<--root first>

=item B<--root> /dev/sdX

=item B<--root> /dev/VG/LV

Choose the root filesystem to be converted.

In the case where the virtual machine is dual-boot or multi-boot, or where the VM has other filesystems that look like operating systems, this option can be used to select the root filesystem (a.k.a. C<C:> drive or F</>) of the operating system that is to be converted.  The Windows Recovery Console, certain attached DVD drives, and bugs in libguestfs inspection heuristics, can make a guest look like a multi-boot operating system.

The default in virt-v2v E<le> 0.7.1 was S<I<--root single>>, which causes virt-v2v to die if a multi-boot operating system is found.

Since virt-v2v E<ge> 0.7.2 the default is now S<I<--root ask>>: If the VM is found to be multi-boot, then virt-v2v will stop and list the possible root filesystems and ask the user which to use.  This requires that virt-v2v is run interactively.

S<I<--root first>> means to choose the first root device in the case of a multi-boot operating system.  Since this is a heuristic, it may sometimes choose the wrong one.

You can also name a specific root device, eg. S<I<--root /dev/sda2>> would mean to use the second partition on the first hard drive.  If the named root device does not exist or was not detected as a root device, then virt-v2v will fail.

Note that there is a bug in grub which prevents it from successfully booting a multiboot system if virtio is enabled.  Grub is only able to boot an operating system from the first virtio disk.  Specifically, F</boot> must be on the first virtio disk, and it cannot chainload an OS which is not in the first virtio disk.

=item B<-v>

=item B<--verbose>

デバッグ用の冗長なメッセージを有効にします。

=item B<-V>

=item B<--version>

バージョン番号を表示して、終了します。

=item B<--wrap>

Wrap error, warning, and informative messages.  This is the default when the output is a tty.  If the output of the program is redirected to a file, wrapping is disabled unless you use this option.

=item B<-x>

libguestfs API 呼び出しのトレースを有効にします。

=back

=head1 注記

=head2 Xen paravirtualized guests

Older versions of virt-v2v could turn a Xen paravirtualized (PV) guest into a KVM guest by installing a new kernel.  This version of virt-v2v does I<not> attempt to install any new kernels.  Instead it will give you an error if there are I<only> Xen PV kernels available.

Therefore before conversion you should check that a regular kernel is installed.  For some older Linux distributions, this means installing a kernel from the table below:

 RHEL 3         (Does not apply, as there was no Xen PV kernel)
 
 RHEL 4         i686 with > 10GB of RAM: install 'kernel-hugemem'
                i686 SMP: install 'kernel-smp'
                other i686: install 'kernel'
                x86-64 SMP with > 8 CPUs: install 'kernel-largesmp'
                x86-64 SMP: install 'kernel-smp'
                other x86-64: install 'kernel'
 
 RHEL 5         i686: install 'kernel-PAE'
                x86-64: install 'kernel'
 
 SLES 10        i586 with > 10GB of RAM: install 'kernel-bigsmp'
                i586 SMP: install 'kernel-smp'
                other i586: install 'kernel-default'
                x86-64 SMP: install 'kernel-smp'
                other x86-64: install 'kernel-default'
 
 SLES 11+       i586: install 'kernel-pae'
                x86-64: install 'kernel-default'

 Windows        (Does not apply, as there is no Xen PV Windows kernel)

=head2 Enabling virtio

"Virtio" is the name for a set of drivers which make disk (block device), network and other guest operations work much faster on KVM.

Older versions of virt-v2v could install these drivers for certain Linux guests.  This version of virt-v2v does I<not> attempt to install new Linux kernels or drivers, but will warn you if they are not installed already.

In order to enable virtio, and hence improve performance of the guest after conversion, you should ensure that the B<minimum> versions of packages are installed I<before> conversion, by consulting the table below.

 RHEL 3         No virtio drivers are available
 
 RHEL 4         kernel >= 2.5.9-89.EL
                lvm2 >= 2.02.42-5.el4
                device-mapper >= 1.02.28-2.el4
                selinux-policy-targeted >= 1.17.30-2.152.el4
                policycoreutils >= 1.18.1-4.13
 
 RHEL 5         kernel >= 2.6.18-128.el5
                lvm2 >= 2.02.40-6.el5
                selinux-policy-targeted >= 2.4.6-203.el5
 
 RHEL 6+        All versions support virtio
 
 Fedora         All versions support virtio
 
 SLES 11+       All versions support virtio
 
 SLES 10        kernel >= 2.6.16.60-0.85.1
 
 OpenSUSE 11+   All versions support virtio
 
 OpenSUSE 10    kernel >= 2.6.25.5-1.1

 Debian 6+      All versions support virtio

 Ubuntu 10.04+  All versions support virtio

 Windows        Drivers are installed from the ISO or directory pointed
                to by the "VIRTIO_WIN" environment variable if present.
                If the "VIRTIO_WIN" environment variable is absent
                (which is the recommended setting), then libosinfo is
                consulted first, for driver files that are locally
                available on the conversion host.



=head2 RHEL 4: SELinux relabel appears to hang forever

In RHEL E<le> 4.7 there was a bug which causes SELinux relabelling to appear to hang forever at:

 *** Warning -- SELinux relabel is required. ***
 *** Disabling security enforcement.         ***
 *** Relabeling could take a very long time, ***
 *** depending on file system size.          ***

In reality it is waiting for you to press a key (but there is no visual indication of this).  You can either hit the C<[Return]> key, at which point the guest will finish relabelling and reboot, or you can install policycoreutils E<ge> 1.18.1-4.13 before starting the v2v conversion.  See also L<https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=244636>

=head2 Debian および Ubuntu

=head3 "warning: could not determine a way to update the configuration of Grub2"

Currently, virt-v2v has no way to set the default kernel in Debian and Ubuntu guests using GRUB 2 as bootloader.  This means that virt-v2v will not change the default kernel used for booting, even in case it is not the best kernel available on the guest.  A recommended procedure is, before using virt-v2v, to check that the boot kernel is the best kernel available in the guest (for example by making sure the guest is up-to-date).

=head3 "vsyscall attempted with vsyscall=none"

When run on a recent Debian host virt-v2v may fail to convert guests which were created before 2013.  In the debugging output you will see a crash message similar to:

 vsyscall attempted with vsyscall=none ip:...
 segfault at ...

This is caused because Debian removed support for running old binaries which used the legacy vsyscall page to call into the kernel.

You can work around this problem by running this command before running virt-v2v:

 export LIBGUESTFS_APPEND="vsyscall=emulate"

For more information, see L<https://bugzilla.redhat.com/1592061>

=head2 Windows

=head3 Windows E<ge> 8 Fast Startup is incompatible with virt-v2v

Guests which use the Windows E<ge> 8 "Fast Startup" feature (or guests which are hibernated) cannot be converted with virt-v2v.  You will see an error:

 virt-v2v: error: unable to mount the disk image for writing. This has
 probably happened because Windows Hibernation or Fast Restart is being
 used in this guest. You have to disable this (in the guest) in order
 to use virt-v2v.

As the message says, you need to boot the guest and disable the "Fast Startup" feature (Control Panel → Power Options → Choose what the power buttons do → Change settings that are currently unavailable → Turn on fast startup), and shut down the guest, and then you will be able to convert it.

For more information, see: L<guestfs(3)/WINDOWS HIBERNATION AND WINDOWS 8 FAST STARTUP>.

=head3 Boot failure: 0x0000007B

This boot failure is caused by Windows being unable to find or load the right disk driver (eg. F<viostor.sys>).  If you experience this error, here are some things to check:

=over 4

=item *

First ensure that the guest boots on the source hypervisor before conversion.

=item *

Check you have the Windows virtio drivers available in F</usr/share/virtio-win>, and that virt-v2v did not print any warning about not being able to install virtio drivers.

On S<Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7>, you will need to install the signed drivers available in the C<virtio-win> package.  If you do not have access to the signed drivers, then you will probably need to disable driver signing in the boot menus.

=item *

Check that you are presenting a virtio-blk interface (B<not> virtio-scsi and B<not> ide) to the guest.  On the qemu/KVM command line you should see something similar to this:

 ... -drive file=windows-sda,if=virtio ...

In libvirt XML, you should see:

 <target dev='vda' bus='virtio'/>

=item *

Check that Windows Group Policy does not prevent the driver from being installed or used.  Try deleting Windows Group Policy before conversion.

=item *

Check there is no anti-virus or other software which implements Group Policy-like prohibitions on installing or using new drivers.

=item *

Enable boot debugging and check the F<viostor.sys> driver is being loaded.

=back

=head3 OpenStack and Windows reactivation

OpenStack does not offer stable device / PCI addresses to guests.  Every time it creates or starts a guest, it regenerates the libvirt XML for that guest from scratch.  The libvirt XML will have no E<lt>addressE<gt> fields. Libvirt will then assign addresses to devices, in a predictable manner. Addresses may change if any of the following are true:

=over 4

=item *

A new disk or network device has been added or removed from the guest.

=item *

The version of OpenStack or (possibly) libvirt has changed.

=back

Because Windows does not like "hardware" changes of this kind, it may trigger Windows reactivation.

This can also prevent booting with a 7B error [see previous section] if the guest has group policy containing C<Device Installation Restrictions>.

=head3 Support for SHA-2 certificates in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2

Later versions of the Windows virtio drivers are signed using SHA-2 certificates (instead of SHA-1).  The original shipping Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 did not understand SHA-2 certificates and so the Windows virtio drivers will not install properly.

To fix this you must apply SHA-2 Code Signing Support from: L<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/SecurityAdvisories/2015/3033929> before converting the guest.

For further information see: L<https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1624878>

=head2 Networks and bridges

Guests are usually connected to one or more networks, and when converted to the target hypervisor you usually want to reconnect those networks at the destination.  The options I<--network>, I<--bridge> and I<--mac> allow you to do that.

If you are unsure of what networks and bridges are in use on the source hypervisor, then you can examine the source metadata (libvirt XML, vCenter information, etc.).  Or you can run virt-v2v with the I<--print-source> option which causes virt-v2v to print out the information it has about the guest on the source and then exit.

In the I<--print-source> output you will see a section showing the guest’s Network Interface Cards (NICs):

 $ virt-v2v [-i ...] --print-source name
 [...]
 NICs:
     Network "default" mac: 52:54:00:d0:cf:0e

Bridges are special classes of network devices which are attached to a named external network on the source hypervisor, for example:

 $ virt-v2v [-i ...] --print-source name
 [...]
 NICs:
     Bridge "br0"

To map a specific source bridge to a target network, for example C<br0> on the source to C<ovirtmgmt> on the target, use:

 virt-v2v [...] --bridge br0:ovirtmgmt

To map every bridge to a target network, use:

 virt-v2v [...] --bridge ovirtmgmt

=head3 Fine-grained mapping of guest NICs

The I<--mac> option gives you more control over the mapping, letting you map single NICs to either networks or bridges on the target.  For example a source guest with two NICs could map them individually to two networks called C<mgmt> and C<clientdata> like this:

 $ virt-v2v [...] \
    --mac 52:54:00:d0:cf:0e:network:mgmt \
    --mac 52:54:00:d0:cf:0f:network:clientdata

Note that virt-v2v does not have the ability to change a guest’s MAC address.  The MAC address is part of the guest metadata and must remain the same on source and target hypervisors.  Most guests will use the MAC address to set up persistent associations between NICs and internal names (like C<eth0>), with firewall settings, or even for other purposes like software licensing.

=head2 Resource requirements

=head3 Network

The most important resource for virt-v2v appears to be network bandwidth. Virt-v2v should be able to copy guest data at gigabit ethernet speeds or greater.

Ensure that the network connections between servers (conversion server, NFS server, vCenter, Xen) are as fast and as low latency as possible.

=head3 Disk space

Virt-v2v places potentially large temporary files in C<$VIRT_V2V_TMPDIR> (usually F</var/tmp>, see also L</ENVIRONMENT VARIBLES> below).  Using tmpfs is a bad idea.

For each guest disk, an overlay is stored temporarily.  This stores the changes made during conversion, and is used as a cache.  The overlays are not particularly large - tens or low hundreds of megabytes per disk is typical.  In addition to the overlay(s), input and output methods may use disk space, as outlined in the table below.

=over 4

=item I<-i ova>

This temporarily places a full copy of the uncompressed source disks in C<$VIRT_V2V_TMPDIR> (or F</var/tmp>).

=item I<-o glance>

This temporarily places a full copy of the output disks in C<$VIRT_V2V_TMPDIR> (or F</var/tmp>).

=item I<-o local>

=item I<-o qemu>

You must ensure there is sufficient space in the output directory for the converted guest.

=back

See also L</Minimum free space check in the host> below.

=head3 VMware vCenter resources

Copying from VMware vCenter is currently quite slow, but we believe this to be an issue with VMware.  Ensuring the VMware ESXi hypervisor and vCenter are running on fast hardware with plenty of memory should alleviate this.

=head3 Compute power and RAM

Virt-v2v is not especially compute or RAM intensive.  If you are running many parallel conversions, then you may consider allocating one CPU core and 2 GB of RAM per running instance.

Virt-v2v can be run in a virtual machine.

=head3 Trimming

Virt-v2v attempts to optimize the speed of conversion by ignoring guest filesystem data which is not used.  This would include unused filesystem blocks, blocks containing zeroes, and deleted files.

To do this, virt-v2v issues a non-destructive L<fstrim(8)> operation.  As this happens to an overlay placed over the guest data, it does B<not> affect the source in any way.

If this fstrim operation fails, you will see a warning, but virt-v2v will continue anyway.  It may run more slowly (in some cases much more slowly), because it is copying the unused parts of the disk.

Unfortunately support for fstrim is not universal, and it also depends on specific details of the filesystem, partition alignment, and backing storage.  As an example, NTFS filesystems cannot be fstrimmed if they occupy a partition which is not aligned to the underlying storage.  That was the default on Windows before Vista.  As another example, VFAT filesystems (used by UEFI guests) cannot be trimmed at all.

fstrim support in the Linux kernel is improving gradually, so over time some of these restrictions will be lifted and virt-v2v will work faster.

=head2 Post-conversion tasks

=head3 Guest network configuration

Virt-v2v cannot currently reconfigure a guest’s network configuration.  If the converted guest is not connected to the same subnet as the source, its network configuration may have to be updated.  See also L<virt-customize(1)>.

=head3 Converting a Windows guest

When converting a Windows guests, the conversion process is split into two stages:

=over 

=item 1

Offline conversion.

=item 2

First boot.

=back

The guest will be bootable after the offline conversion stage, but will not yet have all necessary drivers installed to work correctly.  These will be installed automatically the first time the guest boots.

B<N.B.> Take care not to interrupt the automatic driver installation process when logging in to the guest for the first time, as this may prevent the guest from subsequently booting correctly.

=head2 Free space for conversion

=head3 Free space in the guest

Virt-v2v checks there is sufficient free space in the guest filesystem to perform the conversion.  Currently it checks:

=over 4

=item Linux root filesystem

Minimum free space: 100 MB

=item Linux F</boot>

Minimum free space: 50 MB

This is because we need to build a new initramfs for some Enterprise Linux conversions.

=item Windows C<C:> drive

Minimum free space: 100 MB

We may have to copy in many virtio drivers and guest agents.

=item Any other mountable filesystem

Minimum free space: 10 MB

=back

In addition to the actual free space, each filesystem is required to have at least 100 available inodes.

=head3 Minimum free space check in the host

You must have sufficient free space in the host directory used to store large temporary overlays.  To find out which directory this is, use:

 $ df -h "`guestfish get-cachedir`"
 Filesystem        Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
 /dev/mapper/root   50G   40G  6.8G  86% /

and look under the C<Avail> column.  Virt-v2v will refuse to do the conversion at all unless at least 1GB is available there.  You can change the directory that virt-v2v uses by setting C<$VIRT_V2V_TMPDIR>.

See also L</Resource requirements> above and L</ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES> below.

=head2 Running virt-v2v as root or non-root

Nothing in virt-v2v inherently needs root access, and it will run just fine as a non-root user.  However, certain external features may require either root or a special user:

=over 4

=item Mounting the Export Storage Domain

When using I<-o rhv -os server:/esd> virt-v2v has to have sufficient privileges to NFS mount the Export Storage Domain from C<server>.

You can avoid needing root here by mounting it yourself before running virt-v2v, and passing I<-os /mountpoint> instead, but first of all read the next S<section ...>

=item Writing to the Export Storage Domain as 36:36

RHV-M cannot read files and directories from the Export Storage Domain unless they have UID:GID 36:36.  You will see VM import problems if the UID:GID is not correct.

When you run virt-v2v I<-o rhv> as root, virt-v2v attempts to create files and directories with the correct ownership.  If you run virt-v2v as non-root, it will probably still work, but you will need to manually change ownership after virt-v2v has finished.

=item Writing to libvirt

When using I<-o libvirt>, you may need to run virt-v2v as root so that it can write to the libvirt system instance (ie. C<qemu:///system>)  and to the default location for disk images (usually F</var/lib/libvirt/images>).

You can avoid this by setting up libvirt connection authentication, see L<http://libvirt.org/auth.html>.  Alternatively, use I<-oc qemu:///session>, which will write to your per-user libvirt instance.

=item Writing to Openstack

Because of how Cinder volumes are presented as F</dev> block devices, using I<-o openstack> normally requires that virt-v2v is run as root.

=item Writing to Glance

This does I<not> need root (in fact it probably won’t work), but may require either a special user and/or for you to source a script that sets authentication environment variables.  Consult the Glance documentation.

=item Writing to block devices

This normally requires root.  See the next section.

=back

=head2 Writing to block devices

Some output modes write to local files.  In general these modes also let you write to block devices, but before you run virt-v2v you may have to arrange for symbolic links to the desired block devices in the output directory.

For example if using I<-o local -os /dir> then virt-v2v would normally create files called:

 /dir/name-sda     # first disk
 /dir/name-sdb     # second disk
 ...
 /dir/name.xml     # metadata

If you wish the disks to be written to block devices then you would need to create F</dir/I<name>-sda> (etc) as symlinks to the block devices:

 # lvcreate -L 10G -n VolumeForDiskA VG
 # lvcreate -L 6G -n VolumeForDiskB VG
 # ln -sf /dev/VG/VolumeForDiskA /dir/name-sda
 # ln -sf /dev/VG/VolumeForDiskB /dir/name-sdb

Note that you must precreate the correct number of block devices of the correct size.  Typically I<-of raw> has to be used too, but other formats such as qcow2 can be useful occasionally so virt-v2v does not force you to use raw on block devices.

=head2 Minimal XML for -i libvirtxml option

When using the I<-i libvirtxml> option, you have to supply some libvirt XML.  Writing this from scratch is hard, so the template below is helpful.

B<Note this should only be used for testing and/or where you know what you're doing!> If you have libvirt metadata for the guest, always use that instead.

 <domain type='kvm'>
   <name> NAME </name>
   <memory>1048576</memory>
   <vcpu>2</vcpu>
   <os>
     <type>hvm</type>
     <boot dev='hd'/>
   </os>
   <features>
     <acpi/>
     <apic/>
     <pae/>
   </features>
   <devices>
     <disk type='file' device='disk'>
       <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
       <source file='/path/to/disk/image'/>
       <target dev='hda' bus='ide'/>
     </disk>
     <interface type='network'>
       <mac address='52:54:00:01:02:03'/>
       <source network='default'/>
       <model type='rtl8139'/>
     </interface>
   </devices>
 </domain>

=head2 Machine readable output

The I<--machine-readable> option can be used to make the output more machine friendly, which is useful when calling virt-v2v from other programs, GUIs etc.

このオプションを使用するには 2 通りの方法があります。

Firstly use the option on its own to query the capabilities of the virt-v2v binary.  Typical output looks like this:

 $ virt-v2v --machine-readable
 virt-v2v
 libguestfs-rewrite
 colours-option
 vdsm-compat-option
 input:disk
 [...]
 output:local
 [...]
 convert:linux
 convert:windows

A list of features is printed, one per line, and the program exits with status 0.

The C<input:> and C<output:> features refer to I<-i> and I<-o> (input and output mode) options supported by this binary.  The C<convert:> features refer to guest types that this binary knows how to convert.

Secondly use the option in conjunction with other options to make the regular program output more machine friendly.

At the moment this means:

=over 4

=item 1.

Progress bar messages can be parsed from stdout by looking for this regular expression:

 ^[0-9]+/[0-9]+$

=item 2.

The calling program should treat messages sent to stdout (except for progress bar messages) as status messages.  They can be logged and/or displayed to the user.

=item 3.

The calling program should treat messages sent to stderr as error messages. In addition, virt-v2v exits with a non-zero status code if there was a fatal error.

=back

Virt-v2v E<le> 0.9.1 did not support the I<--machine-readable> option at all.  The option was added when virt-v2v was rewritten in 2014.

It is possible to specify a format string for controlling the output; see L<guestfs(3)/ADVANCED MACHINE READABLE OUTPUT>.

=head1 ファイル

=over 4

=item F</usr/share/virtio-win>

(Optional)

If this directory is present, then virtio drivers for Windows guests will be found from this directory and installed in the guest during conversion.

=back

=head1 環境変数

=over 4

=item C<VIRT_V2V_TMPDIR>

=item C<LIBGUESTFS_CACHEDIR>

Location of the temporary directory used for the potentially large temporary overlay file.  If neither environment variable is set then F</var/tmp> is used.

To reliably ensure large temporary files are cleaned up (for example in case virt-v2v crashes) you should create a randomly named directory under F</var/tmp>, set C<VIRT_V2V_TMPDIR> to point to this directory, then when virt-v2v exits remove the directory.

See the L</Disk space> section above.

=item C<VIRT_TOOLS_DATA_DIR>

This can point to the directory containing data files used for Windows conversion.

Normally you do not need to set this.  If not set, a compiled-in default will be used (something like F</usr/share/virt-tools>).

This directory may contain the following files:

=over 4

=item F<rhsrvany.exe>

(Required when doing conversions of Windows guests)

This is the RHSrvAny Windows binary, used to install a "firstboot" script in the guest during conversion of Windows guests.

See also: C<https://github.com/rwmjones/rhsrvany>

=item F<pnp_wait.exe>

(Recommended when doing conversions of Windows guests)

This tool waits for newly installed Windows devices to become available before trying to configure them, for example to set network configuration. It is part of the RHSrvAny project.

=item F<pvvxsvc.exe>

This is a Windows binary shipped with SUSE VMDP, used to install a "firstboot" script in Windows guests.  It is an alternative to RHSrvAny.

=back

=item C<VIRTIO_WIN>

This is an override for where virtio drivers for Windows are searched for. It can be a directory I<or> point to F<virtio-win.iso> (CD ROM image containing drivers).

If unset, then we look for drivers via whichever of these methods succeeds first:

=over 4

=item C<osinfo-db>

Load osinfo data from the default paths, and attempt to find drivers via libosinfo lookup.  This is the preferred method.

=item F</usr/share/virtio-win/virtio-win.iso>

The ISO containing virtio drivers for Windows.

=item F</usr/share/virtio-win>

The exploded tree of virtio drivers for Windows.  This is usually incomplete, hence the least preferred method.

=back

See L</Enabling virtio>.

=back

他の環境変数は L<guestfs(3)/環境変数> を参照してください。

=head1 OTHER TOOLS

=over 4

=item L<engine-image-uploader(8)>

Variously called C<engine-image-uploader>, C<ovirt-image-uploader> or C<rhevm-image-uploader>, this tool allows you to copy a guest from one oVirt or RHV Export Storage Domain to another.  It only permits importing a guest that was previously exported from another oVirt/RHV instance.

=item L<import-to-ovirt.pl|http://git.annexia.org/?p=import-to-ovirt.git>

This script can be used to import guests that already run on KVM to oVirt or RHV.  For more information, see this blog posting by the author of virt-v2v:

L<https://rwmj.wordpress.com/2015/09/18/importing-kvm-guests-to-ovirt-or-rhev/#content>

=back

=head1 関連項目

L<virt-p2v(1)>, L<virt-v2v-in-place(1)>, L<virt-customize(1)>, L<virt-df(1)>, L<virt-filesystems(1)>, L<virt-sparsify(1)>, L<virt-sysprep(1)>, L<guestfs(3)>, L<guestfish(1)>, L<qemu-img(1)>, L<engine-image-uploader(8)>, L<import-to-ovirt.pl|http://git.annexia.org/?p=import-to-ovirt.git>, L<nbdkit(1)>, L<nbdkit-vddk-plugin(1)>, L<http://libguestfs.org/>.

=head1 著者

Matthew Booth

Cédric Bosdonnat

Laszlo Ersek

Tomáš Golembiovský

Shahar Havivi

Richard W.M. Jones

Roman Kagan

Mike Latimer

Nir Soffer

Pino Toscano

Xiaodai Wang

Ming Xie

Tingting Zheng

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright (C) 2009-2022 Red Hat Inc.

