TZFILE(5)                     File Formats Manual                    TZFILE(5)

NAME
       tzfile - time zone information

DESCRIPTION
       The time zone information files used by tzset(3) are typically found
       under a directory with a name like /usr/share/zoneinfo.  These files
       begin with a 44-byte header containing the following fields:

       * The magic four-byte ASCII sequence "TZif" identifies the file as a
         time zone information file.

       * A byte identifying the version of the file's format (as of 2017,
         either an ASCII NUL, or "2", or "3").

       * Fifteen bytes containing zeros reserved for future use.

       * Six four-byte integer values written in a standard byte order (the
         high-order byte of the value is written first).  These values are, in
         order:

         tzh_ttisgmtcnt
                The number of UT/local indicators stored in the file.

         tzh_ttisstdcnt
                The number of standard/wall indicators stored in the file.

         tzh_leapcnt
                The number of leap seconds for which data entries are stored
                in the file.

         tzh_timecnt
                The number of transition times for which data entries are
                stored in the file.

         tzh_typecnt
                The number of local time types for which data entries are
                stored in the file (must not be zero).

         tzh_charcnt
                The number of bytes of time zone abbreviation strings stored
                in the file.

       The above header is followed by the following fields, whose lengths
       depend on the contents of the header:

       * tzh_timecnt four-byte signed integer values sorted in ascending
         order.  These values are written in standard byte order.  Each is
         used as a transition time (as returned by time(2)) at which the rules
         for computing local time change.

       * tzh_timecnt one-byte unsigned integer values; each one tells which of
         the different types of local time types described in the file is
         associated with the time period starting with the same-indexed
         transition time.  These values serve as indices into the next field.

       * tzh_typecnt ttinfo entries, each defined as follows:

              struct ttinfo {
                   int32_t        tt_gmtoff;
                   unsigned char  tt_isdst;
                   unsigned char  tt_abbrind;
              };

         Each structure is written as a four-byte signed integer value for
         tt_gmtoff, in a standard byte order, followed by a one-byte value for
         tt_isdst and a one-byte value for tt_abbrind.  In each structure,
         tt_gmtoff gives the number of seconds to be added to UT, tt_isdst
         tells whether tm_isdst should be set by localtime(3) and tt_abbrind
         serves as an index into the array of time zone abbreviation bytes
         that follow the ttinfo structure(s) in the file.

       * tzh_leapcnt pairs of four-byte values, written in standard byte
         order; the first value of each pair gives the nonnegative time (as
         returned by time(2)) at which a leap second occurs; the second gives
         the total number of leap seconds to be applied during the time period
         starting at the given time.  The pairs of values are sorted in
         ascending order by time.  Each transition is for one leap second,
         either positive or negative; transitions always separated by at least
         28 days minus 1 second.

       * tzh_ttisstdcnt standard/wall indicators, each stored as a one-byte
         value; they tell whether the transition times associated with local
         time types were specified as standard time or wall clock time, and
         are used when a time zone file is used in handling POSIX-style time
         zone environment variables.

       * tzh_ttisgmtcnt UT/local indicators, each stored as a one-byte value;
         they tell whether the transition times associated with local time
         types were specified as UT or local time, and are used when a time
         zone file is used in handling POSIX-style time zone environment
         variables.

       The localtime(3) function uses the first standard-time ttinfo structure
       in the file (or simply the first ttinfo structure in the absence of a
       standard-time structure) if either tzh_timecnt is zero or the time
       argument is less than the first transition time recorded in the file.

   Version 2 format
       For version-2-format time zone files, the above header and data are
       followed by a second header and data, identical in format except that
       eight bytes are used for each transition time or leap second time.
       (Leap second counts remain four bytes.)  After the second header and
       data comes a newline-enclosed, POSIX-TZ-environment-variable-style
       string for use in handling instants after the last transition time
       stored in the file (with nothing between the newlines if there is no
       POSIX representation for such instants).  The POSIX-style string must
       agree with the local time type after both data's last transition times;
       for example, given the string "WET0WEST,M3.5.0,M10.5.0/3" then if a
       last transition time is in July, the transition's local time type must
       specify a daylight-saving time abbreviated "WEST" that is one hour east
       of UT.

   Version 3 format
       For version-3-format time zone files, the POSIX-TZ-style string may use
       two minor extensions to the POSIX TZ format, as described in
       newtzset(3).  First, the hours part of its transition times may be
       signed and range from 167 through 167 instead of the POSIX-required
       unsigned values from 0 through 24.  Second, DST is in effect all year
       if it starts January 1 at 00:00 and ends December 31 at 24:00 plus the
       difference between daylight saving and standard time.

       Future changes to the format may append more data.

SEE ALSO
       time(2), localtime(3), tzset(3), tzselect(8), zdump(8), zic(8)

                                                                     TZFILE(5)
