package org.jboss.resteasy.util;

/**
 * <p>Encodes and decodes to and from Base64 notation.</p>
 * <p>Homepage: <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a>.</p>
 * <p/>
 * <p>Example:</p>
 * <p/>
 * <code>String encoded = Base64.encode( myByteArray );</code>
 * <br />
 * <code>byte[] myByteArray = Base64.decode( encoded );</code>
 * <p/>
 * <p>The <tt>options</tt> parameter, which appears in a few places, is used to pass
 * several pieces of information to the encoder. In the "higher level" methods such as
 * encodeBytes( bytes, options ) the options parameter can be used to indicate such
 * things as first gzipping the bytes before encoding them, not inserting linefeeds,
 * and encoding using the URL-safe and Ordered dialects.</p>
 * <p/>
 * <p>Note, according to <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">RFC3548</a>,
 * Section 2.1, implementations should not add line feeds unless explicitly told
 * to do so. I've got Base64 set to this behavior now, although earlier versions
 * broke lines by default.</p>
 * <p/>
 * <p>The constants defined in Base64 can be OR-ed together to combine options, so you
 * might make a call like this:</p>
 * <p/>
 * <code>String encoded = Base64.encodeBytes( mybytes, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES );</code>
 * <p>to compress the data before encoding it and then making the output have newline characters.</p>
 * <p>Also...</p>
 * <code>String encoded = Base64.encodeBytes( crazyString.getBytes() );</code>
 * <p/>
 * <p/>
 * <p/>
 * <p>
 * Change Log:
 * </p>
 * <ul>
 * <li>v2.3.7 - Fixed subtle bug when base 64 input stream contained the
 * value 01111111, which is an invalid base 64 character but should not
 * throw an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException either. Led to discovery of
 * mishandling (or potential for better handling) of other bad input
 * characters. You should now get an IOException if you try decoding
 * something that has bad characters in it.</li>
 * <li>v2.3.6 - Fixed bug when breaking lines and the final byte of the encoded
 * string ended in the last column; the buffer was not properly shrunk and
 * contained an extra (null) byte that made it into the string.</li>
 * <li>v2.3.5 - Fixed bug in {@link #encodeFromFile} where estimated buffer size
 * was wrong for files of size 31, 34, and 37 bytes.</li>
 * <li>v2.3.4 - Fixed bug when working with gzipped streams whereby flushing
 * the Base64.OutputStream closed the Base64 encoding (by padding with equals
 * signs) too soon. Also added an option to suppress the automatic decoding
 * of gzipped streams. Also added experimental support for specifying a
 * class loader when using the
 * {@link #decodeToObject(java.lang.String, int, java.lang.ClassLoader)}
 * method.</li>
 * <li>v2.3.3 - Changed default char encoding to US-ASCII which reduces the internal Java
 * footprint with its CharEncoders and so forth. Fixed some javadocs that were
 * inconsistent. Removed imports and specified things like java.io.IOException
 * explicitly inline.</li>
 * <li>v2.3.2 - Reduced memory footprint! Finally refined the "guessing" of how big the
 * final encoded data will be so that the code doesn't have to create two output
 * arrays: an oversized initial one and then a final, exact-sized one. Big win
 * when using the {@link #encodeBytesToBytes(byte[])} family of methods (and not
 * using the gzip options which uses a different mechanism with streams and stuff).</li>
 * <li>v2.3.1 - Added {@link #encodeBytesToBytes(byte[], int, int, int)} and some
 * similar helper methods to be more efficient with memory by not returning a
 * String but just a byte array.</li>
 * <li>v2.3 - <strong>This is not a drop-in replacement!</strong> This is two years of comments
 * and bug fixes queued up and finally executed. Thanks to everyone who sent
 * me stuff, and I'm sorry I wasn't able to distribute your fixes to everyone else.
 * Much bad coding was cleaned up including throwing exceptions where necessary
 * instead of returning null values or something similar. Here are some changes
 * that may affect you:
 * <ul>
 * <li><em>Does not break lines, by default.</em> This is to keep in compliance with
 * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">RFC3548</a>.</li>
 * <li><em>Throws exceptions instead of returning null values.</em> Because some operations
 * (especially those that may permit the GZIP option) use IO streams, there
 * is a possiblity of an java.io.IOException being thrown. After some discussion and
 * thought, I've changed the behavior of the methods to throw java.io.IOExceptions
 * rather than return null if ever there's an error. I think this is more
 * appropriate, though it will require some changes to your code. Sorry,
 * it should have been done this way to begin with.</li>
 * <li><em>Removed all references to System.out, System.err, and the like.</em>
 * Shame on me. All I can say is sorry they were ever there.</li>
 * <li><em>Throws NullPointerExceptions and IllegalArgumentExceptions</em> as needed
 * such as when passed arrays are null or offsets are invalid.</li>
 * <li>Cleaned up as much javadoc as I could to avoid any javadoc warnings.
 * This was especially annoying before for people who were thorough in their
 * own projects and then had gobs of javadoc warnings on this file.</li>
 * </ul>
 * <li>v2.2.1 - Fixed bug using URL_SAFE and ORDERED encodings. Fixed bug
 * when using very small files (~&lt; 40 bytes).</li>
 * <li>v2.2 - Added some helper methods for encoding/decoding directly from
 * one file to the next. Also added a main() method to support command line
 * encoding/decoding from one file to the next. Also added these Base64 dialects:
 * <ol>
 * <li>The default is RFC3548 format.</li>
 * <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.URLSAFE_FORMAT) generates
 * URL and file name friendly format as described in Section 4 of RFC3548.
 * http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</li>
 * <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.ORDERED_FORMAT) generates
 * URL and file name friendly format that preserves lexical ordering as described
 * in http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</li>
 * </ol>
 * Special thanks to Jim Kellerman at <a href="http://www.powerset.com/">http://www.powerset.com/</a>
 * for contributing the new Base64 dialects.
 * </li>
 * <p/>
 * <li>v2.1 - Cleaned up javadoc comments and unused variables and methods. Added
 * some convenience methods for reading and writing to and from files.</li>
 * <li>v2.0.2 - Now specifies UTF-8 encoding in places where the code fails on systems
 * with other encodings (like EBCDIC).</li>
 * <li>v2.0.1 - Fixed an error when decoding a single byte, that is, when the
 * encoded data was a single byte.</li>
 * <li>v2.0 - I got rid of methods that used booleans to set options.
 * Now everything is more consolidated and cleaner. The code now detects
 * when data that's being decoded is gzip-compressed and will decompress it
 * automatically. Generally things are cleaner. You'll probably have to
 * change some method calls that you were making to support the new
 * options format (<tt>int</tt>s that you "OR" together).</li>
 * <li>v1.5.1 - Fixed bug when decompressing and decoding to a
 * byte[] using <tt>decode( String s, boolean gzipCompressed )</tt>.
 * Added the ability to "suspend" encoding in the Output Stream so
 * you can turn on and off the encoding if you need to embed base64
 * data in an otherwise "normal" stream (like an XML file).</li>
 * <li>v1.5 - Output stream pases on flush() command but doesn't do anything itself.
 * This helps when using GZIP streams.
 * Added the ability to GZip-compress objects before encoding them.</li>
 * <li>v1.4 - Added helper methods to read/write files.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.6 - Fixed OutputStream.flush() so that 'position' is reset.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.5 - Added flag to turn on and off line breaks. Fixed bug in input stream
 * where last buffer being read, if not completely full, was not returned.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.4 - Fixed when "improperly padded stream" error was thrown at the wrong time.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.3 - Fixed I/O streams which were totally messed up.</li>
 * </ul>
 * <p/>
 * <p>
 * I am placing this code in the Public Domain. Do with it as you will.
 * This software comes with no guarantees or warranties but with
 * plenty of well-wishing instead!
 * Please visit <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a>
 * periodically to check for updates or to contribute improvements.
 * </p>
 *
 * @author Robert Harder
 * @author rob@iharder.net
 * @version 2.3.7
 */
public class Base64
{

/* ********  P U B L I C   F I E L D S  ******** */


   /**
    * No options specified. Value is zero.
    */
   public final static int NO_OPTIONS = 0;

   /**
    * Specify encoding in first bit. Value is one.
    */
   public final static int ENCODE = 1;


   /**
    * Specify decoding in first bit. Value is zero.
    */
   public final static int DECODE = 0;


   /**
    * Specify that data should be gzip-compressed in second bit. Value is two.
    */
   public final static int GZIP = 2;

   /**
    * Specify that gzipped data should <em>not</em> be automatically gunzipped.
    */
   public final static int DONT_GUNZIP = 4;


   /**
    * Do break lines when encoding. Value is 8.
    */
   public final static int DO_BREAK_LINES = 8;

   /**
    * Encode using Base64-like encoding that is URL- and Filename-safe as described
    * in Section 4 of RFC3548:
    * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>.
    * It is important to note that data encoded this way is <em>not</em> officially valid Base64,
    * or at the very least should not be called Base64 without also specifying that is
    * was encoded using the URL- and Filename-safe dialect.
    */
   public final static int URL_SAFE = 16;


   /**
    * Encode using the special "ordered" dialect of Base64 described here:
    * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</a>.
    */
   public final static int ORDERED = 32;


/* ********  P R I V A T E   F I E L D S  ******** */


   /**
    * Maximum line length (76) of Base64 output.
    */
   private final static int MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 76;


   /**
    * The equals sign (=) as a byte.
    */
   private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN = (byte) '=';


   /**
    * The new line character (\n) as a byte.
    */
   private final static byte NEW_LINE = (byte) '\n';


   /**
    * Preferred encoding.
    */
   private final static String PREFERRED_ENCODING = "US-ASCII";


   private final static byte WHITE_SPACE_ENC = -5; // Indicates white space in encoding
   private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN_ENC = -1; // Indicates equals sign in encoding


/* ********  S T A N D A R D   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */

   /**
    * The 64 valid Base64 values.
    */
   /* Host platform me be something funny like EBCDIC, so we hardcode these values. */
   private final static byte[] _STANDARD_ALPHABET = {
           (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G',
           (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N',
           (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U',
           (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z',
           (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g',
           (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n',
           (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u',
           (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z',
           (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4', (byte) '5',
           (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9', (byte) '+', (byte) '/'
   };


   /**
    * Translates a Base64 value to either its 6-bit reconstruction value
    * or a negative number indicating some other meaning.
    */
   private final static byte[] _STANDARD_DECODABET = {
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                 // Decimal  0 -  8
           -5, -5,                                      // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
           -9, -9,                                      // Decimal 11 - 12
           -5,                                         // Whitespace: Carriage Return
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 14 - 26
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                             // Decimal 27 - 31
           -5,                                         // Whitespace: Space
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,              // Decimal 33 - 42
           62,                                         // Plus sign at decimal 43
           -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 44 - 46
           63,                                         // Slash at decimal 47
           52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,              // Numbers zero through nine
           -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 58 - 60
           -1,                                         // Equals sign at decimal 61
           -9, -9, -9,                                      // Decimal 62 - 64
           0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,            // Letters 'A' through 'N'
           14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,        // Letters 'O' through 'Z'
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                          // Decimal 91 - 96
           26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,     // Letters 'a' through 'm'
           39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,     // Letters 'n' through 'z'
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9                              // Decimal 123 - 127
           , -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,       // Decimal 128 - 139
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9         // Decimal 244 - 255
   };


/* ********  U R L   S A F E   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */

   /**
    * Used in the URL- and Filename-safe dialect described in Section 4 of RFC3548:
    * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>.
    * Notice that the last two bytes become "hyphen" and "underscore" instead of "plus" and "slash."
    */
   private final static byte[] _URL_SAFE_ALPHABET = {
           (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G',
           (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N',
           (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U',
           (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z',
           (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g',
           (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n',
           (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u',
           (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z',
           (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4', (byte) '5',
           (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9', (byte) '-', (byte) '_'
   };

   /**
    * Used in decoding URL- and Filename-safe dialects of Base64.
    */
   private final static byte[] _URL_SAFE_DECODABET = {
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                 // Decimal  0 -  8
           -5, -5,                                      // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
           -9, -9,                                      // Decimal 11 - 12
           -5,                                         // Whitespace: Carriage Return
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 14 - 26
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                             // Decimal 27 - 31
           -5,                                         // Whitespace: Space
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,              // Decimal 33 - 42
           -9,                                         // Plus sign at decimal 43
           -9,                                         // Decimal 44
           62,                                         // Minus sign at decimal 45
           -9,                                         // Decimal 46
           -9,                                         // Slash at decimal 47
           52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,              // Numbers zero through nine
           -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 58 - 60
           -1,                                         // Equals sign at decimal 61
           -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 62 - 64
           0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,            // Letters 'A' through 'N'
           14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,        // Letters 'O' through 'Z'
           -9, -9, -9, -9,                                // Decimal 91 - 94
           63,                                         // Underscore at decimal 95
           -9,                                         // Decimal 96
           26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,     // Letters 'a' through 'm'
           39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,     // Letters 'n' through 'z'
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9                              // Decimal 123 - 127
           , -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 128 - 139
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9         // Decimal 244 - 255
   };


/* ********  O R D E R E D   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */

   /**
    * I don't get the point of this technique, but someone requested it,
    * and it is described here:
    * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</a>.
    */
   private final static byte[] _ORDERED_ALPHABET = {
           (byte) '-',
           (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4',
           (byte) '5', (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9',
           (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G',
           (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N',
           (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U',
           (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z',
           (byte) '_',
           (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g',
           (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n',
           (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u',
           (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z'
   };

   /**
    * Used in decoding the "ordered" dialect of Base64.
    */
   private final static byte[] _ORDERED_DECODABET = {
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                 // Decimal  0 -  8
           -5, -5,                                      // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
           -9, -9,                                      // Decimal 11 - 12
           -5,                                         // Whitespace: Carriage Return
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 14 - 26
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                             // Decimal 27 - 31
           -5,                                         // Whitespace: Space
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,              // Decimal 33 - 42
           -9,                                         // Plus sign at decimal 43
           -9,                                         // Decimal 44
           0,                                          // Minus sign at decimal 45
           -9,                                         // Decimal 46
           -9,                                         // Slash at decimal 47
           1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,                       // Numbers zero through nine
           -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 58 - 60
           -1,                                         // Equals sign at decimal 61
           -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 62 - 64
           11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,     // Letters 'A' through 'M'
           24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,     // Letters 'N' through 'Z'
           -9, -9, -9, -9,                                // Decimal 91 - 94
           37,                                         // Underscore at decimal 95
           -9,                                         // Decimal 96
           38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,     // Letters 'a' through 'm'
           51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,     // Letters 'n' through 'z'
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9                                 // Decimal 123 - 127
           , -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 128 - 139
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
           -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9         // Decimal 244 - 255
   };


/* ********  D E T E R M I N E   W H I C H   A L H A B E T  ******** */


   /**
    * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_ALPHABET byte arrays depending on
    * the options specified.
    * It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED <b>and</b> URLSAFE
    * in which case one of them will be picked, though there is
    * no guarantee as to which one will be picked.
    */
   private final static byte[] getAlphabet(int options)
   {
      if ((options & URL_SAFE) == URL_SAFE)
      {
         return _URL_SAFE_ALPHABET;
      }
      else if ((options & ORDERED) == ORDERED)
      {
         return _ORDERED_ALPHABET;
      }
      else
      {
         return _STANDARD_ALPHABET;
      }
   }   // end getAlphabet


   /**
    * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_DECODABET byte arrays depending on
    * the options specified.
    * It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED and URL_SAFE
    * in which case one of them will be picked, though there is
    * no guarantee as to which one will be picked.
    */
   private final static byte[] getDecodabet(int options)
   {
      if ((options & URL_SAFE) == URL_SAFE)
      {
         return _URL_SAFE_DECODABET;
      }
      else if ((options & ORDERED) == ORDERED)
      {
         return _ORDERED_DECODABET;
      }
      else
      {
         return _STANDARD_DECODABET;
      }
   }   // end getAlphabet


   /**
    * Defeats instantiation.
    */
   private Base64()
   {
   }


/* ********  E N C O D I N G   M E T H O D S  ******** */


   /**
    * Encodes up to the first three bytes of array <var>threeBytes</var>
    * and returns a four-byte array in Base64 notation.
    * The actual number of significant bytes in your array is
    * given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.
    * The array <var>threeBytes</var> needs only be as big as
    * <var>numSigBytes</var>.
    * Code can reuse a byte array by passing a four-byte array as <var>b4</var>.
    *
    * @param b4          A reusable byte array to reduce array instantiation
    * @param threeBytes  the array to convert
    * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
    * @return four byte array in Base64 notation.
    * @since 1.5.1
    */
   private static byte[] encode3to4(byte[] b4, byte[] threeBytes, int numSigBytes, int options)
   {
      encode3to4(threeBytes, 0, numSigBytes, b4, 0, options);
      return b4;
   }   // end encode3to4


   /**
    * <p>Encodes up to three bytes of the array <var>source</var>
    * and writes the resulting four Base64 bytes to <var>destination</var>.
    * The source and destination arrays can be manipulated
    * anywhere along their length by specifying
    * <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>.
    * This method does not check to make sure your arrays
    * are large enough to accomodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 3 for
    * the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 4 for
    * the <var>destination</var> array.
    * The actual number of significant bytes in your array is
    * given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.</p>
    * <p>This is the lowest level of the encoding methods with
    * all possible parameters.</p>
    *
    * @param source      the array to convert
    * @param srcOffset   the index where conversion begins
    * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
    * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
    * @param destOffset  the index where output will be put
    * @return the <var>destination</var> array
    * @since 1.3
    */
   private static byte[] encode3to4(
           byte[] source, int srcOffset, int numSigBytes,
           byte[] destination, int destOffset, int options)
   {

      byte[] ALPHABET = getAlphabet(options);

      //           1         2         3
      // 01234567890123456789012345678901 Bit position
      // --------000000001111111122222222 Array position from threeBytes
      // --------|    ||    ||    ||    | Six bit groups to index ALPHABET
      //          >>18  >>12  >> 6  >> 0  Right shift necessary
      //                0x3f  0x3f  0x3f  Additional AND

      // Create buffer with zero-padding if there are only one or two
      // significant bytes passed in the array.
      // We have to shift left 24 in order to flush out the 1's that appear
      // when Java treats a value as negative that is cast from a byte to an int.
      int inBuff = (numSigBytes > 0 ? ((source[srcOffset] << 24) >>> 8) : 0)
              | (numSigBytes > 1 ? ((source[srcOffset + 1] << 24) >>> 16) : 0)
              | (numSigBytes > 2 ? ((source[srcOffset + 2] << 24) >>> 24) : 0);

      switch (numSigBytes)
      {
         case 3:
            destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
            destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 3] = ALPHABET[(inBuff) & 0x3f];
            return destination;

         case 2:
            destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
            destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
            return destination;

         case 1:
            destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
            destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 2] = EQUALS_SIGN;
            destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
            return destination;

         default:
            return destination;
      }   // end switch
   }   // end encode3to4


   /**
    * Performs Base64 encoding on the <code>raw</code> ByteBuffer,
    * writing it to the <code>encoded</code> ByteBuffer.
    * This is an experimental feature. Currently it does not
    * pass along any options (such as {@link #DO_BREAK_LINES}
    * or {@link #GZIP}.
    *
    * @param raw     input buffer
    * @param encoded output buffer
    * @since 2.3
    */
   public static void encode(java.nio.ByteBuffer raw, java.nio.ByteBuffer encoded)
   {
      byte[] raw3 = new byte[3];
      byte[] enc4 = new byte[4];

      while (raw.hasRemaining())
      {
         int rem = Math.min(3, raw.remaining());
         raw.get(raw3, 0, rem);
         Base64.encode3to4(enc4, raw3, rem, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
         encoded.put(enc4);
      }   // end input remaining
   }


   /**
    * Performs Base64 encoding on the <code>raw</code> ByteBuffer,
    * writing it to the <code>encoded</code> CharBuffer.
    * This is an experimental feature. Currently it does not
    * pass along any options (such as {@link #DO_BREAK_LINES}
    * or {@link #GZIP}.
    *
    * @param raw     input buffer
    * @param encoded output buffer
    * @since 2.3
    */
   public static void encode(java.nio.ByteBuffer raw, java.nio.CharBuffer encoded)
   {
      byte[] raw3 = new byte[3];
      byte[] enc4 = new byte[4];

      while (raw.hasRemaining())
      {
         int rem = Math.min(3, raw.remaining());
         raw.get(raw3, 0, rem);
         Base64.encode3to4(enc4, raw3, rem, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
         for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
         {
            encoded.put((char) (enc4[i] & 0xFF));
         }
      }   // end input remaining
   }


   /**
    * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded
    * version of that serialized object.
    * <p/>
    * <p>As of v 2.3, if the object
    * cannot be serialized or there is another error,
    * the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b>
    * In earlier versions, it just returned a null value, but
    * in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.</p>
    * <p/>
    * The object is not GZip-compressed before being encoded.
    *
    * @param serializableObject The object to encode
    * @return The Base64-encoded object
    * @throws java.io.IOException  if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException if serializedObject is null
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static String encodeObject(java.io.Serializable serializableObject)
           throws java.io.IOException
   {
      return encodeObject(serializableObject, NO_OPTIONS);
   }   // end encodeObject


   /**
    * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded
    * version of that serialized object.
    * <p/>
    * <p>As of v 2.3, if the object
    * cannot be serialized or there is another error,
    * the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b>
    * In earlier versions, it just returned a null value, but
    * in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.</p>
    * <p/>
    * The object is not GZip-compressed before being encoded.
    * <p/>
    * Example options:<pre>
    *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
    *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
    * </pre>
    * <p/>
    * Example: <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
    * <p/>
    * Example: <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES )</code>
    *
    * @param serializableObject The object to encode
    * @param options            Specified options
    * @return The Base64-encoded object
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @see Base64#GZIP
    * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
    * @since 2.0
    */
   public static String encodeObject(java.io.Serializable serializableObject, int options)
           throws java.io.IOException
   {

      if (serializableObject == null)
      {
         throw new NullPointerException("Cannot serialize a null object.");
      }   // end if: null

      // Streams
      java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
      java.io.OutputStream b64os = null;
      java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos = null;
      java.io.ObjectOutputStream oos = null;


      try
      {
         // ObjectOutputStream -> (GZIP) -> Base64 -> ByteArrayOutputStream
         baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
         b64os = new Base64.OutputStream(baos, ENCODE | options);
         if ((options & GZIP) != 0)
         {
            // Gzip
            gzos = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream(b64os);
            oos = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream(gzos);
         }
         else
         {
            // Not gzipped
            oos = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream(b64os);
         }
         oos.writeObject(serializableObject);
      }   // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e)
      {
         // Catch it and then throw it immediately so that
         // the finally{} block is called for cleanup.
         throw e;
      }   // end catch
      finally
      {
         try
         { oos.close(); }
         catch (Exception e)
         {}
         try
         { gzos.close(); }
         catch (Exception e)
         {}
         try
         { b64os.close(); }
         catch (Exception e)
         {}
         try
         { baos.close(); }
         catch (Exception e)
         {}
      }   // end finally

      // Return value according to relevant encoding.
      try
      {
         return new String(baos.toByteArray(), PREFERRED_ENCODING);
      }   // end try
      catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue)
      {
         // Fall back to some Java default
         return new String(baos.toByteArray());
      }   // end catch

   }   // end encode


   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
    * Does not GZip-compress data.
    *
    * @param source The data to convert
    * @return The data in Base64-encoded form
    * @throws NullPointerException if source array is null
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source)
   {
      // Since we're not going to have the GZIP encoding turned on,
      // we're not going to have an java.io.IOException thrown, so
      // we should not force the user to have to catch it.
      String encoded = null;
      try
      {
         encoded = encodeBytes(source, 0, source.length, NO_OPTIONS);
      }
      catch (java.io.IOException ex)
      {
         assert false : ex.getMessage();
      }   // end catch
      assert encoded != null;
      return encoded;
   }   // end encodeBytes


   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
    * <p>
    * Example options:<pre>
    *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
    *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
    *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
    * </pre>
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES )</code>
    * <p/>
    * <p/>
    * <p>As of v 2.3, if there is an error with the GZIP stream,
    * the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b>
    * In earlier versions, it just returned a null value, but
    * in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.</p>
    *
    * @param source  The data to convert
    * @param options Specified options
    * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
    * @throws java.io.IOException  if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException if source array is null
    * @see Base64#GZIP
    * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
    * @since 2.0
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source, int options) throws java.io.IOException
   {
      return encodeBytes(source, 0, source.length, options);
   }   // end encodeBytes


   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
    * Does not GZip-compress data.
    * <p/>
    * <p>As of v 2.3, if there is an error,
    * the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b>
    * In earlier versions, it just returned a null value, but
    * in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.</p>
    *
    * @param source The data to convert
    * @param off    Offset in array where conversion should begin
    * @param len    Length of data to convert
    * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
    * @throws NullPointerException     if source array is null
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException if source array, offset, or length are invalid
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len)
   {
      // Since we're not going to have the GZIP encoding turned on,
      // we're not going to have an java.io.IOException thrown, so
      // we should not force the user to have to catch it.
      String encoded = null;
      try
      {
         encoded = encodeBytes(source, off, len, NO_OPTIONS);
      }
      catch (java.io.IOException ex)
      {
         assert false : ex.getMessage();
      }   // end catch
      assert encoded != null;
      return encoded;
   }   // end encodeBytes


   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
    * <p>
    * Example options:<pre>
    *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
    *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
    *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
    * </pre>
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES )</code>
    * <p/>
    * <p/>
    * <p>As of v 2.3, if there is an error with the GZIP stream,
    * the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b>
    * In earlier versions, it just returned a null value, but
    * in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.</p>
    *
    * @param source  The data to convert
    * @param off     Offset in array where conversion should begin
    * @param len     Length of data to convert
    * @param options Specified options
    * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
    * @throws java.io.IOException      if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException     if source array is null
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException if source array, offset, or length are invalid
    * @see Base64#GZIP
    * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
    * @since 2.0
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len, int options) throws java.io.IOException
   {
      byte[] encoded = encodeBytesToBytes(source, off, len, options);

      // Return value according to relevant encoding.
      try
      {
         return new String(encoded, PREFERRED_ENCODING);
      }   // end try
      catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue)
      {
         return new String(encoded);
      }   // end catch

   }   // end encodeBytes


   /**
    * Similar to {@link #encodeBytes(byte[])} but returns
    * a byte array instead of instantiating a String. This is more efficient
    * if you're working with I/O streams and have large data sets to encode.
    *
    * @param source The data to convert
    * @return The Base64-encoded data as a byte[] (of ASCII characters)
    * @throws NullPointerException if source array is null
    * @since 2.3.1
    */
   public static byte[] encodeBytesToBytes(byte[] source)
   {
      byte[] encoded = null;
      try
      {
         encoded = encodeBytesToBytes(source, 0, source.length, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
      }
      catch (java.io.IOException ex)
      {
         assert false : "IOExceptions only come from GZipping, which is turned off: " + ex.getMessage();
      }
      return encoded;
   }


   /**
    * Similar to {@link #encodeBytes(byte[], int, int, int)} but returns
    * a byte array instead of instantiating a String. This is more efficient
    * if you're working with I/O streams and have large data sets to encode.
    *
    * @param source  The data to convert
    * @param off     Offset in array where conversion should begin
    * @param len     Length of data to convert
    * @param options Specified options
    * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
    * @throws java.io.IOException      if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException     if source array is null
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException if source array, offset, or length are invalid
    * @see Base64#GZIP
    * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
    * @since 2.3.1
    */
   public static byte[] encodeBytesToBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len, int options) throws java.io.IOException
   {

      if (source == null)
      {
         throw new NullPointerException("Cannot serialize a null array.");
      }   // end if: null

      if (off < 0)
      {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot have negative offset: " + off);
      }   // end if: off < 0

      if (len < 0)
      {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot have length offset: " + len);
      }   // end if: len < 0

      if (off + len > source.length)
      {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                 String.format("Cannot have offset of %d and length of %d with array of length %d", off, len, source.length));
      }   // end if: off < 0


      // Compress?
      if ((options & GZIP) != 0)
      {
         java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
         java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos = null;
         Base64.OutputStream b64os = null;

         try
         {
            // GZip -> Base64 -> ByteArray
            baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
            b64os = new Base64.OutputStream(baos, ENCODE | options);
            gzos = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream(b64os);

            gzos.write(source, off, len);
            gzos.close();
         }   // end try
         catch (java.io.IOException e)
         {
            // Catch it and then throw it immediately so that
            // the finally{} block is called for cleanup.
            throw e;
         }   // end catch
         finally
         {
            try
            { gzos.close(); }
            catch (Exception e)
            {}
            try
            { b64os.close(); }
            catch (Exception e)
            {}
            try
            { baos.close(); }
            catch (Exception e)
            {}
         }   // end finally

         return baos.toByteArray();
      }   // end if: compress

      // Else, don't compress. Better not to use streams at all then.
      else
      {
         boolean breakLines = (options & DO_BREAK_LINES) != 0;

         //int    len43   = len * 4 / 3;
         //byte[] outBuff = new byte[   ( len43 )                      // Main 4:3
         //                           + ( (len % 3) > 0 ? 4 : 0 )      // Account for padding
         //                           + (breakLines ? ( len43 / MAX_LINE_LENGTH ) : 0) ]; // New lines
         // Try to determine more precisely how big the array needs to be.
         // If we get it right, we don't have to do an array copy, and
         // we save a bunch of memory.
         int encLen = (len / 3) * 4 + (len % 3 > 0 ? 4 : 0); // Bytes needed for actual encoding
         if (breakLines)
         {
            encLen += encLen / MAX_LINE_LENGTH; // Plus extra newline characters
         }
         byte[] outBuff = new byte[encLen];


         int d = 0;
         int e = 0;
         int len2 = len - 2;
         int lineLength = 0;
         for (; d < len2; d += 3, e += 4)
         {
            encode3to4(source, d + off, 3, outBuff, e, options);

            lineLength += 4;
            if (breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH)
            {
               outBuff[e + 4] = NEW_LINE;
               e++;
               lineLength = 0;
            }   // end if: end of line
         }   // en dfor: each piece of array

         if (d < len)
         {
            encode3to4(source, d + off, len - d, outBuff, e, options);
            e += 4;
         }   // end if: some padding needed


         // Only resize array if we didn't guess it right.
         if (e <= outBuff.length - 1)
         {
            // If breaking lines and the last byte falls right at
            // the line length (76 bytes per line), there will be
            // one extra byte, and the array will need to be resized.
            // Not too bad of an estimate on array size, I'd say.
            byte[] finalOut = new byte[e];
            System.arraycopy(outBuff, 0, finalOut, 0, e);
            //System.err.println("Having to resize array from " + outBuff.length + " to " + e );
            return finalOut;
         }
         else
         {
            //System.err.println("No need to resize array.");
            return outBuff;
         }

      }   // end else: don't compress

   }   // end encodeBytesToBytes


/* ********  D E C O D I N G   M E T H O D S  ******** */


   /**
    * Decodes four bytes from array <var>source</var>
    * and writes the resulting bytes (up to three of them)
    * to <var>destination</var>.
    * The source and destination arrays can be manipulated
    * anywhere along their length by specifying
    * <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>.
    * This method does not check to make sure your arrays
    * are large enough to accomodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 4 for
    * the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 3 for
    * the <var>destination</var> array.
    * This method returns the actual number of bytes that
    * were converted from the Base64 encoding.
    * <p>This is the lowest level of the decoding methods with
    * all possible parameters.</p>
    *
    * @param source      the array to convert
    * @param srcOffset   the index where conversion begins
    * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
    * @param destOffset  the index where output will be put
    * @param options     alphabet type is pulled from this (standard, url-safe, ordered)
    * @return the number of decoded bytes converted
    * @throws NullPointerException     if source or destination arrays are null
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException if srcOffset or destOffset are invalid
    *                                  or there is not enough room in the array.
    * @since 1.3
    */
   private static int decode4to3(
           byte[] source, int srcOffset,
           byte[] destination, int destOffset, int options)
   {

      // Lots of error checking and exception throwing
      if (source == null)
      {
         throw new NullPointerException("Source array was null.");
      }   // end if
      if (destination == null)
      {
         throw new NullPointerException("Destination array was null.");
      }   // end if
      if (srcOffset < 0 || srcOffset + 3 >= source.length)
      {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                 "Source array with length %d cannot have offset of %d and still process four bytes.", source.length, srcOffset));
      }   // end if
      if (destOffset < 0 || destOffset + 2 >= destination.length)
      {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                 "Destination array with length %d cannot have offset of %d and still store three bytes.", destination.length, destOffset));
      }   // end if


      byte[] DECODABET = getDecodabet(options);

      // Example: Dk==
      if (source[srcOffset + 2] == EQUALS_SIGN)
      {
         // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
         //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset    ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 );
         int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
                 | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12);

         destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 16);
         return 1;
      }

      // Example: DkL=
      else if (source[srcOffset + 3] == EQUALS_SIGN)
      {
         // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
         //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 );
         int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
                 | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12)
                 | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]] & 0xFF) << 6);

         destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 16);
         destination[destOffset + 1] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 8);
         return 2;
      }

      // Example: DkLE
      else
      {
         // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
         //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 3 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 24 );
         int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
                 | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12)
                 | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]] & 0xFF) << 6)
                 | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 3]] & 0xFF));


         destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >> 16);
         destination[destOffset + 1] = (byte) (outBuff >> 8);
         destination[destOffset + 2] = (byte) (outBuff);

         return 3;
      }
   }   // end decodeToBytes


   /**
    * Low-level access to decoding ASCII characters in
    * the form of a byte array. <strong>Ignores GUNZIP option, if
    * it's set.</strong> This is not generally a recommended method,
    * although it is used internally as part of the decoding process.
    * Special case: if len = 0, an empty array is returned. Still,
    * if you need more speed and reduced memory footprint (and aren't
    * gzipping), consider this method.
    *
    * @param source The Base64 encoded data
    * @return decoded data
    * @since 2.3.1
    */
   public static byte[] decode(byte[] source)
           throws java.io.IOException
   {
      byte[] decoded = null;
//        try {
      decoded = decode(source, 0, source.length, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
//        } catch( java.io.IOException ex ) {
//            assert false : "IOExceptions only come from GZipping, which is turned off: " + ex.getMessage();
//        }
      return decoded;
   }


   /**
    * Low-level access to decoding ASCII characters in
    * the form of a byte array. <strong>Ignores GUNZIP option, if
    * it's set.</strong> This is not generally a recommended method,
    * although it is used internally as part of the decoding process.
    * Special case: if len = 0, an empty array is returned. Still,
    * if you need more speed and reduced memory footprint (and aren't
    * gzipping), consider this method.
    *
    * @param source  The Base64 encoded data
    * @param off     The offset of where to begin decoding
    * @param len     The length of characters to decode
    * @param options Can specify options such as alphabet type to use
    * @return decoded data
    * @throws java.io.IOException If bogus characters exist in source data
    * @since 1.3
    */
   public static byte[] decode(byte[] source, int off, int len, int options)
           throws java.io.IOException
   {

      // Lots of error checking and exception throwing
      if (source == null)
      {
         throw new NullPointerException("Cannot decode null source array.");
      }   // end if
      if (off < 0 || off + len > source.length)
      {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                 "Source array with length %d cannot have offset of %d and process %d bytes.", source.length, off, len));
      }   // end if

      if (len == 0)
      {
         return new byte[0];
      }
      else if (len < 4)
      {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                 "Base64-encoded string must have at least four characters, but length specified was " + len);
      }   // end if

      byte[] DECODABET = getDecodabet(options);

      int len34 = len * 3 / 4;       // Estimate on array size
      byte[] outBuff = new byte[len34]; // Upper limit on size of output
      int outBuffPosn = 0;             // Keep track of where we're writing

      byte[] b4 = new byte[4];     // Four byte buffer from source, eliminating white space
      int b4Posn = 0;               // Keep track of four byte input buffer
      int i = 0;               // Source array counter
      byte sbiDecode = 0;               // Special value from DECODABET

      for (i = off; i < off + len; i++)
      {  // Loop through source

         sbiDecode = DECODABET[source[i] & 0xFF];

         // White space, Equals sign, or legit Base64 character
         // Note the values such as -5 and -9 in the
         // DECODABETs at the top of the file.
         if (sbiDecode >= WHITE_SPACE_ENC)
         {
            if (sbiDecode >= EQUALS_SIGN_ENC)
            {
               b4[b4Posn++] = source[i];         // Save non-whitespace
               if (b4Posn > 3)
               {                  // Time to decode?
                  outBuffPosn += decode4to3(b4, 0, outBuff, outBuffPosn, options);
                  b4Posn = 0;

                  // If that was the equals sign, break out of 'for' loop
                  if (source[i] == EQUALS_SIGN)
                  {
                     break;
                  }   // end if: equals sign
               }   // end if: quartet built
            }   // end if: equals sign or better
         }   // end if: white space, equals sign or better
         else
         {
            // There's a bad input character in the Base64 stream.
            throw new java.io.IOException(String.format(
                    "Bad Base64 input character decimal %d in array position %d", ((int) source[i]) & 0xFF, i));
         }   // end else:
      }   // each input character

      byte[] out = new byte[outBuffPosn];
      System.arraycopy(outBuff, 0, out, 0, outBuffPosn);
      return out;
   }   // end decode


   /**
    * Decodes data from Base64 notation, automatically
    * detecting gzip-compressed data and decompressing it.
    *
    * @param s the string to decode
    * @return the decoded data
    * @throws java.io.IOException If there is a problem
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static byte[] decode(String s) throws java.io.IOException
   {
      return decode(s, NO_OPTIONS);
   }


   /**
    * Decodes data from Base64 notation, automatically
    * detecting gzip-compressed data and decompressing it.
    *
    * @param s       the string to decode
    * @param options encode options such as URL_SAFE
    * @return the decoded data
    * @throws java.io.IOException  if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException if <tt>s</tt> is null
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static byte[] decode(String s, int options) throws java.io.IOException
   {

      if (s == null)
      {
         throw new NullPointerException("Input string was null.");
      }   // end if

      byte[] bytes;
      try
      {
         bytes = s.getBytes(PREFERRED_ENCODING);
      }   // end try
      catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uee)
      {
         bytes = s.getBytes();
      }   // end catch
      //</change>

      // Decode
      bytes = decode(bytes, 0, bytes.length, options);

      // Check to see if it's gzip-compressed
      // GZIP Magic Two-Byte Number: 0x8b1f (35615)
      boolean dontGunzip = (options & DONT_GUNZIP) != 0;
      if ((bytes != null) && (bytes.length >= 4) && (!dontGunzip))
      {

         int head = ((int) bytes[0] & 0xff) | ((bytes[1] << 8) & 0xff00);
         if (java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream.GZIP_MAGIC == head)
         {
            java.io.ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
            java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream gzis = null;
            java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
            byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
            int length = 0;

            try
            {
               baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
               bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
               gzis = new java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream(bais);

               while ((length = gzis.read(buffer)) >= 0)
               {
                  baos.write(buffer, 0, length);
               }   // end while: reading input

               // No error? Get new bytes.
               bytes = baos.toByteArray();

            }   // end try
            catch (java.io.IOException e)
            {
               e.printStackTrace();
               // Just return originally-decoded bytes
            }   // end catch
            finally
            {
               try
               { baos.close(); }
               catch (Exception e)
               {}
               try
               { gzis.close(); }
               catch (Exception e)
               {}
               try
               { bais.close(); }
               catch (Exception e)
               {}
            }   // end finally

         }   // end if: gzipped
      }   // end if: bytes.length >= 2

      return bytes;
   }   // end decode


   /**
    * Attempts to decode Base64 data and deserialize a Java
    * Object within. Returns <tt>null</tt> if there was an error.
    *
    * @param encodedObject The Base64 data to decode
    * @return The decoded and deserialized object
    * @throws NullPointerException   if encodedObject is null
    * @throws java.io.IOException    if there is a general error
    * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the decoded object is of a
    *                                class that cannot be found by the JVM
    * @since 1.5
    */
   public static Object decodeToObject(String encodedObject)
           throws java.io.IOException, java.lang.ClassNotFoundException
   {
      return decodeToObject(encodedObject, NO_OPTIONS, null);
   }


   /**
    * Attempts to decode Base64 data and deserialize a Java
    * Object within. Returns <tt>null</tt> if there was an error.
    * If <tt>loader</tt> is not null, it will be the class loader
    * used when deserializing.
    *
    * @param encodedObject The Base64 data to decode
    * @param options       Various parameters related to decoding
    * @param loader        Optional class loader to use in deserializing classes.
    * @return The decoded and deserialized object
    * @throws NullPointerException   if encodedObject is null
    * @throws java.io.IOException    if there is a general error
    * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the decoded object is of a
    *                                class that cannot be found by the JVM
    * @since 2.3.4
    */
   public static Object decodeToObject(
           String encodedObject, int options, final ClassLoader loader)
           throws java.io.IOException, java.lang.ClassNotFoundException
   {

      // Decode and gunzip if necessary
      byte[] objBytes = decode(encodedObject, options);

      java.io.ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
      java.io.ObjectInputStream ois = null;
      Object obj = null;

      try
      {
         bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream(objBytes);

         // If no custom class loader is provided, use Java's builtin OIS.
         if (loader == null)
         {
            ois = new java.io.ObjectInputStream(bais);
         }   // end if: no loader provided

         // Else make a customized object input stream that uses
         // the provided class loader.
         else
         {
            ois = new java.io.ObjectInputStream(bais)
            {
               @Override
               public Class<?> resolveClass(java.io.ObjectStreamClass streamClass)
                       throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException
               {
                  Class c = Class.forName(streamClass.getName(), false, loader);
                  if (c == null)
                  {
                     return super.resolveClass(streamClass);
                  }
                  else
                  {
                     return c;   // Class loader knows of this class.
                  }   // end else: not null
               }   // end resolveClass
            };  // end ois
         }   // end else: no custom class loader

         obj = ois.readObject();
      }   // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e)
      {
         throw e;    // Catch and throw in order to execute finally{}
      }   // end catch
      catch (java.lang.ClassNotFoundException e)
      {
         throw e;    // Catch and throw in order to execute finally{}
      }   // end catch
      finally
      {
         try
         { bais.close(); }
         catch (Exception e)
         {}
         try
         { ois.close(); }
         catch (Exception e)
         {}
      }   // end finally

      return obj;
   }   // end decodeObject


   /**
    * Convenience method for encoding data to a file.
    * <p/>
    * <p>As of v 2.3, if there is a error,
    * the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b>
    * In earlier versions, it just returned false, but
    * in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.</p>
    *
    * @param dataToEncode byte array of data to encode in base64 form
    * @param filename     Filename for saving encoded data
    * @throws java.io.IOException  if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException if dataToEncode is null
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static void encodeToFile(byte[] dataToEncode, String filename)
           throws java.io.IOException
   {

      if (dataToEncode == null)
      {
         throw new NullPointerException("Data to encode was null.");
      }   // end iff

      Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
      try
      {
         bos = new Base64.OutputStream(
                 new java.io.FileOutputStream(filename), Base64.ENCODE);
         bos.write(dataToEncode);
      }   // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e)
      {
         throw e; // Catch and throw to execute finally{} block
      }   // end catch: java.io.IOException
      finally
      {
         try
         { bos.close(); }
         catch (Exception e)
         {}
      }   // end finally

   }   // end encodeToFile


   /**
    * Convenience method for decoding data to a file.
    * <p/>
    * <p>As of v 2.3, if there is a error,
    * the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b>
    * In earlier versions, it just returned false, but
    * in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.</p>
    *
    * @param dataToDecode Base64-encoded data as a string
    * @param filename     Filename for saving decoded data
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static void decodeToFile(String dataToDecode, String filename)
           throws java.io.IOException
   {

      Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
      try
      {
         bos = new Base64.OutputStream(
                 new java.io.FileOutputStream(filename), Base64.DECODE);
         bos.write(dataToDecode.getBytes(PREFERRED_ENCODING));
      }   // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e)
      {
         throw e; // Catch and throw to execute finally{} block
      }   // end catch: java.io.IOException
      finally
      {
         try
         { bos.close(); }
         catch (Exception e)
         {}
      }   // end finally

   }   // end decodeToFile


   /**
    * Convenience method for reading a base64-encoded
    * file and decoding it.
    * <p/>
    * <p>As of v 2.3, if there is a error,
    * the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b>
    * In earlier versions, it just returned false, but
    * in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.</p>
    *
    * @param filename Filename for reading encoded data
    * @return decoded byte array
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static byte[] decodeFromFile(String filename)
           throws java.io.IOException
   {

      byte[] decodedData = null;
      Base64.InputStream bis = null;
      try
      {
         // Set up some useful variables
         java.io.File file = new java.io.File(filename);
         byte[] buffer = null;
         int length = 0;
         int numBytes = 0;

         // Check for size of file
         if (file.length() > Integer.MAX_VALUE)
         {
            throw new java.io.IOException("File is too big for this convenience method (" + file.length() + " bytes).");
         }   // end if: file too big for int index
         buffer = new byte[(int) file.length()];

         // Open a stream
         bis = new Base64.InputStream(
                 new java.io.BufferedInputStream(
                         new java.io.FileInputStream(file)), Base64.DECODE);

         // Read until done
         while ((numBytes = bis.read(buffer, length, 4096)) >= 0)
         {
            length += numBytes;
         }   // end while

         // Save in a variable to return
         decodedData = new byte[length];
         System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, decodedData, 0, length);

      }   // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e)
      {
         throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
      }   // end catch: java.io.IOException
      finally
      {
         try
         { bis.close(); }
         catch (Exception e)
         {}
      }   // end finally

      return decodedData;
   }   // end decodeFromFile


   /**
    * Convenience method for reading a binary file
    * and base64-encoding it.
    * <p/>
    * <p>As of v 2.3, if there is a error,
    * the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b>
    * In earlier versions, it just returned false, but
    * in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.</p>
    *
    * @param filename Filename for reading binary data
    * @return base64-encoded string
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static String encodeFromFile(String filename)
           throws java.io.IOException
   {

      String encodedData = null;
      Base64.InputStream bis = null;
      try
      {
         // Set up some useful variables
         java.io.File file = new java.io.File(filename);
         byte[] buffer = new byte[Math.max((int) (file.length() * 1.4 + 1), 40)]; // Need max() for math on small files (v2.2.1); Need +1 for a few corner cases (v2.3.5)
         int length = 0;
         int numBytes = 0;

         // Open a stream
         bis = new Base64.InputStream(
                 new java.io.BufferedInputStream(
                         new java.io.FileInputStream(file)), Base64.ENCODE);

         // Read until done
         while ((numBytes = bis.read(buffer, length, 4096)) >= 0)
         {
            length += numBytes;
         }   // end while

         // Save in a variable to return
         encodedData = new String(buffer, 0, length, Base64.PREFERRED_ENCODING);

      }   // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e)
      {
         throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
      }   // end catch: java.io.IOException
      finally
      {
         try
         { bis.close(); }
         catch (Exception e)
         {}
      }   // end finally

      return encodedData;
   }   // end encodeFromFile

   /**
    * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and encodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
    *
    * @param infile  Input file
    * @param outfile Output file
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @since 2.2
    */
   public static void encodeFileToFile(String infile, String outfile)
           throws java.io.IOException
   {

      String encoded = Base64.encodeFromFile(infile);
      java.io.OutputStream out = null;
      try
      {
         out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream(
                 new java.io.FileOutputStream(outfile));
         out.write(encoded.getBytes("US-ASCII")); // Strict, 7-bit output.
      }   // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e)
      {
         throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
      }   // end catch
      finally
      {
         try
         { out.close(); }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {}
      }   // end finally
   }   // end encodeFileToFile


   /**
    * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and decodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
    *
    * @param infile  Input file
    * @param outfile Output file
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @since 2.2
    */
   public static void decodeFileToFile(String infile, String outfile)
           throws java.io.IOException
   {

      byte[] decoded = Base64.decodeFromFile(infile);
      java.io.OutputStream out = null;
      try
      {
         out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream(
                 new java.io.FileOutputStream(outfile));
         out.write(decoded);
      }   // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e)
      {
         throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
      }   // end catch
      finally
      {
         try
         { out.close(); }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {}
      }   // end finally
   }   // end decodeFileToFile


   /* ********  I N N E R   C L A S S   I N P U T S T R E A M  ******** */


   /**
    * A {@link Base64.InputStream} will read data from another
    * <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt>, given in the constructor,
    * and encode/decode to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
    *
    * @see Base64
    * @since 1.3
    */
   public static class InputStream extends java.io.FilterInputStream
   {

      private boolean encode;         // Encoding or decoding
      private int position;       // Current position in the buffer
      private byte[] buffer;         // Small buffer holding converted data
      private int bufferLength;   // Length of buffer (3 or 4)
      private int numSigBytes;    // Number of meaningful bytes in the buffer
      private int lineLength;
      private boolean breakLines;     // Break lines at less than 80 characters
      private int options;        // Record options used to create the stream.
      private byte[] decodabet;      // Local copies to avoid extra method calls


      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in DECODE mode.
       *
       * @param in the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read data.
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public InputStream(java.io.InputStream in)
      {
         this(in, DECODE);
      }   // end constructor


      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in
       * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
       * <p/>
       * Valid options:<pre>
       *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as data is read.
       *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
       *     (only meaningful when encoding)</i>
       * </pre>
       * <p/>
       * Example: <code>new Base64.InputStream( in, Base64.DECODE )</code>
       *
       * @param in      the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read data.
       * @param options Specified options
       * @see Base64#ENCODE
       * @see Base64#DECODE
       * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
       * @since 2.0
       */
      public InputStream(java.io.InputStream in, int options)
      {

         super(in);
         this.options = options; // Record for later
         this.breakLines = (options & DO_BREAK_LINES) > 0;
         this.encode = (options & ENCODE) > 0;
         this.bufferLength = encode ? 4 : 3;
         this.buffer = new byte[bufferLength];
         this.position = -1;
         this.lineLength = 0;
         this.decodabet = getDecodabet(options);
      }   // end constructor

      /**
       * Reads enough of the input stream to convert
       * to/from Base64 and returns the next byte.
       *
       * @return next byte
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public int read() throws java.io.IOException
      {

         // Do we need to get data?
         if (position < 0)
         {
            if (encode)
            {
               byte[] b3 = new byte[3];
               int numBinaryBytes = 0;
               for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
               {
                  int b = in.read();

                  // If end of stream, b is -1.
                  if (b >= 0)
                  {
                     b3[i] = (byte) b;
                     numBinaryBytes++;
                  }
                  else
                  {
                     break; // out of for loop
                  }   // end else: end of stream

               }   // end for: each needed input byte

               if (numBinaryBytes > 0)
               {
                  encode3to4(b3, 0, numBinaryBytes, buffer, 0, options);
                  position = 0;
                  numSigBytes = 4;
               }   // end if: got data
               else
               {
                  return -1;  // Must be end of stream
               }   // end else
            }   // end if: encoding

            // Else decoding
            else
            {
               byte[] b4 = new byte[4];
               int i = 0;
               for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
               {
                  // Read four "meaningful" bytes:
                  int b = 0;
                  do
                  { b = in.read(); }
                  while (b >= 0 && decodabet[b & 0x7f] <= WHITE_SPACE_ENC);

                  if (b < 0)
                  {
                     break; // Reads a -1 if end of stream
                  }   // end if: end of stream

                  b4[i] = (byte) b;
               }   // end for: each needed input byte

               if (i == 4)
               {
                  numSigBytes = decode4to3(b4, 0, buffer, 0, options);
                  position = 0;
               }   // end if: got four characters
               else if (i == 0)
               {
                  return -1;
               }   // end else if: also padded correctly
               else
               {
                  // Must have broken out from above.
                  throw new java.io.IOException("Improperly padded Base64 input.");
               }   // end

            }   // end else: decode
         }   // end else: get data

         // Got data?
         if (position >= 0)
         {
            // End of relevant data?
            if ( /*!encode &&*/ position >= numSigBytes)
            {
               return -1;
            }   // end if: got data

            if (encode && breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH)
            {
               lineLength = 0;
               return '\n';
            }   // end if
            else
            {
               lineLength++;   // This isn't important when decoding
               // but throwing an extra "if" seems
               // just as wasteful.

               int b = buffer[position++];

               if (position >= bufferLength)
               {
                  position = -1;
               }   // end if: end

               return b & 0xFF; // This is how you "cast" a byte that's
               // intended to be unsigned.
            }   // end else
         }   // end if: position >= 0

         // Else error
         else
         {
            throw new java.io.IOException("Error in Base64 code reading stream.");
         }   // end else
      }   // end read


      /**
       * Calls {@link #read()} repeatedly until the end of stream
       * is reached or <var>len</var> bytes are read.
       * Returns number of bytes read into array or -1 if
       * end of stream is encountered.
       *
       * @param dest array to hold values
       * @param off  offset for array
       * @param len  max number of bytes to read into array
       * @return bytes read into array or -1 if end of stream is encountered.
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public int read(byte[] dest, int off, int len)
              throws java.io.IOException
      {
         int i;
         int b;
         for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
         {
            b = read();

            if (b >= 0)
            {
               dest[off + i] = (byte) b;
            }
            else if (i == 0)
            {
               return -1;
            }
            else
            {
               break; // Out of 'for' loop
            } // Out of 'for' loop
         }   // end for: each byte read
         return i;
      }   // end read

   }   // end inner class InputStream


   /* ********  I N N E R   C L A S S   O U T P U T S T R E A M  ******** */


   /**
    * A {@link Base64.OutputStream} will write data to another
    * <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt>, given in the constructor,
    * and encode/decode to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
    *
    * @see Base64
    * @since 1.3
    */
   public static class OutputStream extends java.io.FilterOutputStream
   {

      private boolean encode;
      private int position;
      private byte[] buffer;
      private int bufferLength;
      private int lineLength;
      private boolean breakLines;
      private byte[] b4;         // Scratch used in a few places
      private boolean suspendEncoding;
      private int options;    // Record for later
      private byte[] decodabet;  // Local copies to avoid extra method calls

      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in ENCODE mode.
       *
       * @param out the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which data will be written.
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public OutputStream(java.io.OutputStream out)
      {
         this(out, ENCODE);
      }   // end constructor


      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in
       * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
       * <p/>
       * Valid options:<pre>
       *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as data is read.
       *   DO_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
       *     (only meaningful when encoding)</i>
       * </pre>
       * <p/>
       * Example: <code>new Base64.OutputStream( out, Base64.ENCODE )</code>
       *
       * @param out     the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which data will be written.
       * @param options Specified options.
       * @see Base64#ENCODE
       * @see Base64#DECODE
       * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public OutputStream(java.io.OutputStream out, int options)
      {
         super(out);
         this.breakLines = (options & DO_BREAK_LINES) != 0;
         this.encode = (options & ENCODE) != 0;
         this.bufferLength = encode ? 3 : 4;
         this.buffer = new byte[bufferLength];
         this.position = 0;
         this.lineLength = 0;
         this.suspendEncoding = false;
         this.b4 = new byte[4];
         this.options = options;
         this.decodabet = getDecodabet(options);
      }   // end constructor


      /**
       * Writes the byte to the output stream after
       * converting to/from Base64 notation.
       * When encoding, bytes are buffered three
       * at a time before the output stream actually
       * gets a write() call.
       * When decoding, bytes are buffered four
       * at a time.
       *
       * @param theByte the byte to write
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public void write(int theByte)
              throws java.io.IOException
      {
         // Encoding suspended?
         if (suspendEncoding)
         {
            this.out.write(theByte);
            return;
         }   // end if: supsended

         // Encode?
         if (encode)
         {
            buffer[position++] = (byte) theByte;
            if (position >= bufferLength)
            { // Enough to encode.

               this.out.write(encode3to4(b4, buffer, bufferLength, options));

               lineLength += 4;
               if (breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH)
               {
                  this.out.write(NEW_LINE);
                  lineLength = 0;
               }   // end if: end of line

               position = 0;
            }   // end if: enough to output
         }   // end if: encoding

         // Else, Decoding
         else
         {
            // Meaningful Base64 character?
            if (decodabet[theByte & 0x7f] > WHITE_SPACE_ENC)
            {
               buffer[position++] = (byte) theByte;
               if (position >= bufferLength)
               { // Enough to output.

                  int len = Base64.decode4to3(buffer, 0, b4, 0, options);
                  out.write(b4, 0, len);
                  position = 0;
               }   // end if: enough to output
            }   // end if: meaningful base64 character
            else if (decodabet[theByte & 0x7f] != WHITE_SPACE_ENC)
            {
               throw new java.io.IOException("Invalid character in Base64 data.");
            }   // end else: not white space either
         }   // end else: decoding
      }   // end write


      /**
       * Calls {@link #write(int)} repeatedly until <var>len</var>
       * bytes are written.
       *
       * @param theBytes array from which to read bytes
       * @param off      offset for array
       * @param len      max number of bytes to read into array
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public void write(byte[] theBytes, int off, int len)
              throws java.io.IOException
      {
         // Encoding suspended?
         if (suspendEncoding)
         {
            this.out.write(theBytes, off, len);
            return;
         }   // end if: supsended

         for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
         {
            write(theBytes[off + i]);
         }   // end for: each byte written

      }   // end write


      /**
       * Method added by PHIL. [Thanks, PHIL. -Rob]
       * This pads the buffer without closing the stream.
       *
       * @throws java.io.IOException if there's an error.
       */
      public void flushBase64() throws java.io.IOException
      {
         if (position > 0)
         {
            if (encode)
            {
               out.write(encode3to4(b4, buffer, position, options));
               position = 0;
            }   // end if: encoding
            else
            {
               throw new java.io.IOException("Base64 input not properly padded.");
            }   // end else: decoding
         }   // end if: buffer partially full

      }   // end flush


      /**
       * Flushes and closes (I think, in the superclass) the stream.
       *
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public void close() throws java.io.IOException
      {
         // 1. Ensure that pending characters are written
         flushBase64();

         // 2. Actually close the stream
         // Base class both flushes and closes.
         super.close();

         buffer = null;
         out = null;
      }   // end close


      /**
       * Suspends encoding of the stream.
       * May be helpful if you need to embed a piece of
       * base64-encoded data in a stream.
       *
       * @throws java.io.IOException if there's an error flushing
       * @since 1.5.1
       */
      public void suspendEncoding() throws java.io.IOException
      {
         flushBase64();
         this.suspendEncoding = true;
      }   // end suspendEncoding


      /**
       * Resumes encoding of the stream.
       * May be helpful if you need to embed a piece of
       * base64-encoded data in a stream.
       *
       * @since 1.5.1
       */
      public void resumeEncoding()
      {
         this.suspendEncoding = false;
      }   // end resumeEncoding


   }   // end inner class OutputStream


}   // end class Base64
