Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: falcon
Version: 3.0.0
Summary: An unladen web framework for building APIs and app backends.
Home-page: https://falconframework.org
Author: Kurt Griffiths
Author-email: mail@kgriffs.com
License: Apache 2.0
Description: |Build Status| |Docs| |codecov.io|
        
        The Falcon Web Framework
        ========================
        
        `Falcon <https://falconframework.org>`__ is a reliable,
        high-performance Python web framework for building
        large-scale app backends and microservices. It encourages the REST
        architectural style, and tries to do as little as possible while
        remaining highly effective.
        
        Falcon apps work with any `WSGI <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333/>`_
        or `ASGI <https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_ server, and run like a
        champ under CPython 3.5+ and PyPy 3.5+ (3.6+ required for ASGI).
        
        Quick Links
        -----------
        
        * `Read the docs <https://falcon.readthedocs.io/en/stable>`_
        * `Falcon add-ons and complementary packages <https://github.com/falconry/falcon/wiki>`_
        * `Falcon articles, talks and podcasts <https://github.com/falconry/falcon/wiki/Articles,-Talks-and-Podcasts>`_
        * `falconry/user for Falcon users <https://gitter.im/falconry/user>`_ @ Gitter
        * `falconry/dev for Falcon contributors <https://gitter.im/falconry/dev>`_ @ Gitter
        
        What People are Saying
        ----------------------
        
        "We have been using Falcon as a replacement for [framework] and we simply love the performance (three times faster) and code base size (easily half of our original [framework] code)."
        
        "Falcon looks great so far. I hacked together a quick test for a
        tiny server of mine and was ~40% faster with only 20 minutes of
        work."
        
        "Falcon is rock solid and it's fast."
        
        "I'm loving #falconframework! Super clean and simple, I finally
        have the speed and flexibility I need!"
        
        "I feel like I'm just talking HTTP at last, with nothing in the
        middle. Falcon seems like the requests of backend."
        
        "The source code for Falcon is so good, I almost prefer it to
        documentation. It basically can't be wrong."
        
        "What other framework has integrated support for 786 TRY IT NOW ?"
        
        Features
        --------
        
        Falcon tries to do as little as possible while remaining highly effective.
        
        - ASGI, WSGI, and WebSocket support
        - Native ``asyncio`` support
        - No reliance on magic globals for routing and state management
        - Stable interfaces with an emphasis on backwards-compatibility
        - Simple API modeling through centralized RESTful routing
        - Highly-optimized, extensible code base
        - Easy access to headers and bodies through request and response
          classes
        - DRY request processing via middleware components and hooks
        - Strict adherence to RFCs
        - Idiomatic HTTP error responses
        - Straightforward exception handling
        - Snappy testing with WSGI/ASGI helpers and mocks
        - CPython 3.5+ and PyPy 3.5+ support
        
        Support Falcon Development
        --------------------------
        
        Has Falcon helped you make an awesome app? Show your support today with a one-time donation or by becoming a patron. Supporters get cool gear, an opportunity to promote their brand to Python developers, and
        prioritized support.
        
        * `Learn how to support Falcon development <https://falconframework.org/#sectionSupportFalconDevelopment>`_
        
        Thanks!
        
        How is Falcon Different?
        ------------------------
        
            Perfection is finally attained not when there is no longer anything
            to add, but when there is no longer anything to take away.
        
            *- Antoine de Saint-Exupéry*
        
        We designed Falcon to support the demanding needs of large-scale
        microservices and responsive app backends. Falcon complements more
        general Python web frameworks by providing bare-metal performance,
        reliability, and flexibility wherever you need it.
        
        **Reliable.** We go to great lengths to avoid introducing breaking changes, and
        when we do they are fully documented and only introduced (in the spirit of
        `SemVer <http://semver.org/>`_) with a major version increment. The code is
        rigorously tested with numerous inputs and we require 100% coverage at all
        times. Falcon has no dependencies outside the standard library, helping
        minimize your app's attack surface while avoiding transitive bugs and breaking
        changes.
        
        **Debuggable.** Falcon eschews magic. It's easy to tell which inputs lead to
        which outputs. Unhandled exceptions are never encapsulated or masked.
        Potentially surprising behaviors, such as automatic request body parsing, are
        well-documented and disabled by default. Finally, when it comes to the
        framework itself, we take care to keep logic paths simple and understandable.
        All this makes it easier to reason about the code and to debug edge cases in
        large-scale deployments.
        
        **Fast.** Same hardware, more requests. Falcon turns around requests
        significantly faster than other popular Python frameworks like Django and
        Flask. For an extra speed boost, Falcon compiles itself with Cython when
        available, and also works well with `PyPy <https://pypy.org>`_. Considering a
        move to another programming language? Benchmark with Falcon+PyPy first!
        
        **Flexible.** Falcon leaves a lot of decisions and implementation details to
        you, the API developer. This gives you a lot of freedom to customize and tune
        your implementation. It also helps you understand your apps at a deeper level,
        making them easier to tune, debug, and refactor over the long run. Falcon's
        minimalist design provides space for Python community members to independently
        innovate on `Falcon add-ons and complementary packages
        <https://github.com/falconry/falcon/wiki>`_.
        
        Who's Using Falcon?
        -------------------
        
        Falcon is used around the world by a growing number of organizations,
        including:
        
        - 7ideas
        - Cronitor
        - EMC
        - Hurricane Electric
        - Leadpages
        - OpenStack
        - Rackspace
        - Shiftgig
        - tempfil.es
        - Opera Software
        
        If you are using the Falcon framework for a community or commercial
        project, please consider adding your information to our wiki under
        `Who's Using Falcon? <https://github.com/falconry/falcon/wiki/Who's-using-Falcon%3F>`_
        
        Community
        ---------
        
        A number of Falcon add-ons, templates, and complementary packages are
        available for use in your projects. We've listed several of these on the
        `Falcon wiki <https://github.com/falconry/falcon/wiki>`_ as a starting
        point, but you may also wish to search PyPI for additional resources.
        
        The Falconry community on Gitter is a great place to ask questions and
        share your ideas. You can find us in `falconry/user
        <https://gitter.im/falconry/user>`_. We also have a
        `falconry/dev <https://gitter.im/falconry/dev>`_ room for discussing
        the design and development of the framework itself.
        
        Per our
        `Code of Conduct <https://github.com/falconry/falcon/blob/master/CODEOFCONDUCT.md>`_,
        we expect everyone who participates in community discussions to act
        professionally, and lead by example in encouraging constructive
        discussions. Each individual in the community is responsible for
        creating a positive, constructive, and productive culture.
        
        Installation
        ------------
        
        PyPy
        ^^^^
        
        `PyPy <http://pypy.org/>`__ is the fastest way to run your Falcon app.
        PyPy3.5+ is supported as of PyPy v5.10.
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install falcon
        
        Or, to install the latest beta or release candidate, if any:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install --pre falcon
        
        CPython
        ^^^^^^^
        
        Falcon also fully supports
        `CPython <https://www.python.org/downloads/>`__ 3.5+.
        
        The latest stable version of Falcon can be installed directly from PyPI:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install falcon
        
        Or, to install the latest beta or release candidate, if any:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install --pre falcon
        
        In order to provide an extra speed boost, Falcon can compile itself with
        Cython. Wheels containing pre-compiled binaries are available from PyPI for
        several common platforms. However, if a wheel for your platform of choice is not
        available, you can choose to stick with the source distribution, or use the
        instructions below to cythonize Falcon for your environment.
        
        The following commands tell pip to install Cython, and then to invoke
        Falcon's ``setup.py``, which will in turn detect the presence of Cython
        and then compile (AKA cythonize) the Falcon framework with the system's
        default C compiler.
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install cython
            $ pip install --no-build-isolation --no-binary :all: falcon
        
        Note that ``--no-build-isolation`` is necessary to override pip's default
        PEP 517 behavior that can cause Cython not to be found in the build
        environment.
        
        If you want to verify that Cython is being invoked, simply
        pass `-v` to pip in order to echo the compilation commands:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install -v --no-build-isolation --no-binary :all: falcon
        
        **Installing on OS X**
        
        Xcode Command Line Tools are required to compile Cython. Install them
        with this command:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ xcode-select --install
        
        The Clang compiler treats unrecognized command-line options as
        errors, for example:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            clang: error: unknown argument: '-mno-fused-madd' [-Wunused-command-line-argument-hard-error-in-future]
        
        You might also see warnings about unused functions. You can work around
        these issues by setting additional Clang C compiler flags as follows:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ export CFLAGS="-Qunused-arguments -Wno-unused-function"
        
        Dependencies
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        
        Falcon does not require the installation of any other packages, although if
        Cython has been installed into the environment, it will be used to optimize
        the framework as explained above.
        
        WSGI Server
        -----------
        
        Falcon speaks `WSGI <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333/>`_ (or
        `ASGI <https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_; see also below). In order to
        serve a Falcon app, you will need a WSGI server. Gunicorn and uWSGI are some of
        the more popular ones out there, but anything that can load a WSGI app will do.
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install [gunicorn|uwsgi]
        
        ASGI Server
        -----------
        
        In order to serve a Falcon ASGI app, you will need an ASGI server. Uvicorn
        is a popular choice:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install uvicorn
        
        Source Code
        -----------
        
        Falcon `lives on GitHub <https://github.com/falconry/falcon>`_, making the
        code easy to browse, download, fork, etc. Pull requests are always welcome! Also,
        please remember to star the project if it makes you happy. :)
        
        Once you have cloned the repo or downloaded a tarball from GitHub, you
        can install Falcon like this:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ cd falcon
            $ pip install .
        
        Or, if you want to edit the code, first fork the main repo, clone the fork
        to your desktop, and then run the following to install it using symbolic
        linking, so that when you change your code, the changes will be automagically
        available to your app without having to reinstall the package:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ cd falcon
            $ pip install --no-use-pep517 -e .
        
        You can manually test changes to the Falcon framework by switching to the
        directory of the cloned repo and then running pytest:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ cd falcon
            $ pip install -r requirements/tests
            $ pytest tests
        
        Or, to run the default set of tests:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install tox && tox
        
        See also the `tox.ini <https://github.com/falconry/falcon/blob/master/tox.ini>`_
        file for a full list of available environments.
        
        Read the Docs
        -------------
        
        The docstrings in the Falcon code base are quite extensive, and we
        recommend keeping a REPL running while learning the framework so that
        you can query the various modules and classes as you have questions.
        
        Online docs are available at: https://falcon.readthedocs.io
        
        You can build the same docs locally as follows:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install tox && tox -e docs
        
        Once the docs have been built, you can view them by opening the following
        index page in your browser. On OS X it's as simple as::
        
            $ open docs/_build/html/index.html
        
        Or on Linux:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ xdg-open docs/_build/html/index.html
        
        Getting Started
        ---------------
        
        Here is a simple, contrived example showing how to create a Falcon-based
        WSGI app (the ASGI version is included further down):
        
        .. code:: python
        
            # examples/things.py
        
            # Let's get this party started!
            from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
        
            import falcon
        
        
            # Falcon follows the REST architectural style, meaning (among
            # other things) that you think in terms of resources and state
            # transitions, which map to HTTP verbs.
            class ThingsResource:
                def on_get(self, req, resp):
                    """Handles GET requests"""
                    resp.status = falcon.HTTP_200  # This is the default status
                    resp.content_type = falcon.MEDIA_TEXT  # Default is JSON, so override
                    resp.text = ('\nTwo things awe me most, the starry sky '
                                 'above me and the moral law within me.\n'
                                 '\n'
                                 '    ~ Immanuel Kant\n\n')
        
        
            # falcon.App instances are callable WSGI apps...
            # in larger applications the app is created in a separate file
            app = falcon.App()
        
            # Resources are represented by long-lived class instances
            things = ThingsResource()
        
            # things will handle all requests to the '/things' URL path
            app.add_route('/things', things)
        
            if __name__ == '__main__':
                with make_server('', 8000, app) as httpd:
                    print('Serving on port 8000...')
        
                    # Serve until process is killed
                    httpd.serve_forever()
        
        You can run the above example directly using the included wsgiref server:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install falcon
            $ python things.py
        
        Then, in another terminal:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ curl localhost:8000/things
        
        The ASGI version of the example is similar:
        
        .. code:: python
        
            # examples/things_asgi.py
        
            import falcon
            import falcon.asgi
        
        
            # Falcon follows the REST architectural style, meaning (among
            # other things) that you think in terms of resources and state
            # transitions, which map to HTTP verbs.
            class ThingsResource:
                async def on_get(self, req, resp):
                    """Handles GET requests"""
                    resp.status = falcon.HTTP_200  # This is the default status
                    resp.content_type = falcon.MEDIA_TEXT  # Default is JSON, so override
                    resp.text = ('\nTwo things awe me most, the starry sky '
                                 'above me and the moral law within me.\n'
                                 '\n'
                                 '    ~ Immanuel Kant\n\n')
        
        
            # falcon.asgi.App instances are callable ASGI apps...
            # in larger applications the app is created in a separate file
            app = falcon.asgi.App()
        
            # Resources are represented by long-lived class instances
            things = ThingsResource()
        
            # things will handle all requests to the '/things' URL path
            app.add_route('/things', things)
        
        You can run the ASGI version with uvicorn or any other ASGI server:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install falcon uvicorn
            $ uvicorn things_asgi:app
        
        A More Complex Example (WSGI)
        -----------------------------
        
        Here is a more involved example that demonstrates reading headers and query
        parameters, handling errors, and working with request and response bodies.
        Note that this example assumes that the
        `requests <https://pypi.org/project/requests/>`_ package has been installed.
        
        (For the equivalent ASGI app, see: `A More Complex Example (ASGI)`_).
        
        .. code:: python
        
            # examples/things_advanced.py
        
            import json
            import logging
            import uuid
            from wsgiref import simple_server
        
            import falcon
            import requests
        
        
            class StorageEngine:
        
                def get_things(self, marker, limit):
                    return [{'id': str(uuid.uuid4()), 'color': 'green'}]
        
                def add_thing(self, thing):
                    thing['id'] = str(uuid.uuid4())
                    return thing
        
        
            class StorageError(Exception):
        
                @staticmethod
                def handle(ex, req, resp, params):
                    # TODO: Log the error, clean up, etc. before raising
                    raise falcon.HTTPInternalServerError()
        
        
            class SinkAdapter:
        
                engines = {
                    'ddg': 'https://duckduckgo.com',
                    'y': 'https://search.yahoo.com/search',
                }
        
                def __call__(self, req, resp, engine):
                    url = self.engines[engine]
                    params = {'q': req.get_param('q', True)}
                    result = requests.get(url, params=params)
        
                    resp.status = str(result.status_code) + ' ' + result.reason
                    resp.content_type = result.headers['content-type']
                    resp.text = result.text
        
        
            class AuthMiddleware:
        
                def process_request(self, req, resp):
                    token = req.get_header('Authorization')
                    account_id = req.get_header('Account-ID')
        
                    challenges = ['Token type="Fernet"']
        
                    if token is None:
                        description = ('Please provide an auth token '
                                       'as part of the request.')
        
                        raise falcon.HTTPUnauthorized(title='Auth token required',
                                                      description=description,
                                                      challenges=challenges,
                                                      href='http://docs.example.com/auth')
        
                    if not self._token_is_valid(token, account_id):
                        description = ('The provided auth token is not valid. '
                                       'Please request a new token and try again.')
        
                        raise falcon.HTTPUnauthorized(title='Authentication required',
                                                      description=description,
                                                      challenges=challenges,
                                                      href='http://docs.example.com/auth')
        
                def _token_is_valid(self, token, account_id):
                    return True  # Suuuuuure it's valid...
        
        
            class RequireJSON:
        
                def process_request(self, req, resp):
                    if not req.client_accepts_json:
                        raise falcon.HTTPNotAcceptable(
                            description='This API only supports responses encoded as JSON.',
                            href='http://docs.examples.com/api/json')
        
                    if req.method in ('POST', 'PUT'):
                        if 'application/json' not in req.content_type:
                            raise falcon.HTTPUnsupportedMediaType(
                                title='This API only supports requests encoded as JSON.',
                                href='http://docs.examples.com/api/json')
        
        
            class JSONTranslator:
                # NOTE: Normally you would simply use req.media and resp.media for
                # this particular use case; this example serves only to illustrate
                # what is possible.
        
                def process_request(self, req, resp):
                    # req.stream corresponds to the WSGI wsgi.input environ variable,
                    # and allows you to read bytes from the request body.
                    #
                    # See also: PEP 3333
                    if req.content_length in (None, 0):
                        # Nothing to do
                        return
        
                    body = req.stream.read()
                    if not body:
                        raise falcon.HTTPBadRequest(title='Empty request body',
                                                    description='A valid JSON document is required.')
        
                    try:
                        req.context.doc = json.loads(body.decode('utf-8'))
        
                    except (ValueError, UnicodeDecodeError):
                        description = ('Could not decode the request body. The '
                                       'JSON was incorrect or not encoded as '
                                       'UTF-8.')
        
                        raise falcon.HTTPBadRequest(title='Malformed JSON',
                                                    description=description)
        
                def process_response(self, req, resp, resource, req_succeeded):
                    if not hasattr(resp.context, 'result'):
                        return
        
                    resp.text = json.dumps(resp.context.result)
        
        
            def max_body(limit):
        
                def hook(req, resp, resource, params):
                    length = req.content_length
                    if length is not None and length > limit:
                        msg = ('The size of the request is too large. The body must not '
                               'exceed ' + str(limit) + ' bytes in length.')
        
                        raise falcon.HTTPPayloadTooLarge(
                            title='Request body is too large', description=msg)
        
                return hook
        
        
            class ThingsResource:
        
                def __init__(self, db):
                    self.db = db
                    self.logger = logging.getLogger('thingsapp.' + __name__)
        
                def on_get(self, req, resp, user_id):
                    marker = req.get_param('marker') or ''
                    limit = req.get_param_as_int('limit') or 50
        
                    try:
                        result = self.db.get_things(marker, limit)
                    except Exception as ex:
                        self.logger.error(ex)
        
                        description = ('Aliens have attacked our base! We will '
                                       'be back as soon as we fight them off. '
                                       'We appreciate your patience.')
        
                        raise falcon.HTTPServiceUnavailable(
                            title='Service Outage',
                            description=description,
                            retry_after=30)
        
                    # NOTE: Normally you would use resp.media for this sort of thing;
                    # this example serves only to demonstrate how the context can be
                    # used to pass arbitrary values between middleware components,
                    # hooks, and resources.
                    resp.context.result = result
        
                    resp.set_header('Powered-By', 'Falcon')
                    resp.status = falcon.HTTP_200
        
                @falcon.before(max_body(64 * 1024))
                def on_post(self, req, resp, user_id):
                    try:
                        doc = req.context.doc
                    except AttributeError:
                        raise falcon.HTTPBadRequest(
                            title='Missing thing',
                            description='A thing must be submitted in the request body.')
        
                    proper_thing = self.db.add_thing(doc)
        
                    resp.status = falcon.HTTP_201
                    resp.location = '/%s/things/%s' % (user_id, proper_thing['id'])
        
            # Configure your WSGI server to load "things.app" (app is a WSGI callable)
            app = falcon.App(middleware=[
                AuthMiddleware(),
                RequireJSON(),
                JSONTranslator(),
            ])
        
            db = StorageEngine()
            things = ThingsResource(db)
            app.add_route('/{user_id}/things', things)
        
            # If a responder ever raises an instance of StorageError, pass control to
            # the given handler.
            app.add_error_handler(StorageError, StorageError.handle)
        
            # Proxy some things to another service; this example shows how you might
            # send parts of an API off to a legacy system that hasn't been upgraded
            # yet, or perhaps is a single cluster that all data centers have to share.
            sink = SinkAdapter()
            app.add_sink(sink, r'/search/(?P<engine>ddg|y)\Z')
        
            # Useful for debugging problems in your API; works with pdb.set_trace(). You
            # can also use Gunicorn to host your app. Gunicorn can be configured to
            # auto-restart workers when it detects a code change, and it also works
            # with pdb.
            if __name__ == '__main__':
                httpd = simple_server.make_server('127.0.0.1', 8000, app)
                httpd.serve_forever()
        
        Again this code uses wsgiref, but you can also run the above example using
        any WSGI server, such as uWSGI or Gunicorn. For example:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install requests gunicorn
            $ gunicorn things:app
        
        On Windows you can run Gunicorn and uWSGI via WSL, or you might try Waitress:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install requests waitress
            $ waitress-serve --port=8000 things:app
        
        To test this example, open another terminal and run:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ http localhost:8000/1/things authorization:custom-token
        
        You can also view the the application configuration from the CLI via the
        ``falcon-inspect-app`` script that is bundled with the framework:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            falcon-inspect-app things_advanced:app
        
        A More Complex Example (ASGI)
        -----------------------------
        
        Here's the ASGI version of the app from above. Note that it uses the
        `httpx <https://pypi.org/project/httpx/>`_ package in lieu of
        `requests <https://pypi.org/project/requests/>`_.
        
        .. code:: python
        
            # examples/things_advanced_asgi.py
        
            import json
            import logging
            import uuid
        
            import falcon
            import falcon.asgi
            import httpx
        
        
            class StorageEngine:
        
                async def get_things(self, marker, limit):
                    return [{'id': str(uuid.uuid4()), 'color': 'green'}]
        
                async def add_thing(self, thing):
                    thing['id'] = str(uuid.uuid4())
                    return thing
        
        
            class StorageError(Exception):
        
                @staticmethod
                async def handle(ex, req, resp, params):
                    # TODO: Log the error, clean up, etc. before raising
                    raise falcon.HTTPInternalServerError()
        
        
            class SinkAdapter:
        
                engines = {
                    'ddg': 'https://duckduckgo.com',
                    'y': 'https://search.yahoo.com/search',
                }
        
                async def __call__(self, req, resp, engine):
                    url = self.engines[engine]
                    params = {'q': req.get_param('q', True)}
        
                    async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
                        result = await client.get(url, params=params)
        
                    resp.status = result.status_code
                    resp.content_type = result.headers['content-type']
                    resp.text = result.text
        
        
            class AuthMiddleware:
        
                async def process_request(self, req, resp):
                    token = req.get_header('Authorization')
                    account_id = req.get_header('Account-ID')
        
                    challenges = ['Token type="Fernet"']
        
                    if token is None:
                        description = ('Please provide an auth token '
                                       'as part of the request.')
        
                        raise falcon.HTTPUnauthorized(title='Auth token required',
                                                      description=description,
                                                      challenges=challenges,
                                                      href='http://docs.example.com/auth')
        
                    if not self._token_is_valid(token, account_id):
                        description = ('The provided auth token is not valid. '
                                       'Please request a new token and try again.')
        
                        raise falcon.HTTPUnauthorized(title='Authentication required',
                                                      description=description,
                                                      challenges=challenges,
                                                      href='http://docs.example.com/auth')
        
                def _token_is_valid(self, token, account_id):
                    return True  # Suuuuuure it's valid...
        
        
            class RequireJSON:
        
                async def process_request(self, req, resp):
                    if not req.client_accepts_json:
                        raise falcon.HTTPNotAcceptable(
                            description='This API only supports responses encoded as JSON.',
                            href='http://docs.examples.com/api/json')
        
                    if req.method in ('POST', 'PUT'):
                        if 'application/json' not in req.content_type:
                            raise falcon.HTTPUnsupportedMediaType(
                                description='This API only supports requests encoded as JSON.',
                                href='http://docs.examples.com/api/json')
        
        
            class JSONTranslator:
                # NOTE: Normally you would simply use req.get_media() and resp.media for
                # this particular use case; this example serves only to illustrate
                # what is possible.
        
                async def process_request(self, req, resp):
                    # NOTE: Test explicitly for 0, since this property could be None in
                    # the case that the Content-Length header is missing (in which case we
                    # can't know if there is a body without actually attempting to read
                    # it from the request stream.)
                    if req.content_length == 0:
                        # Nothing to do
                        return
        
                    body = await req.stream.read()
                    if not body:
                        raise falcon.HTTPBadRequest(title='Empty request body',
                                                    description='A valid JSON document is required.')
        
                    try:
                        req.context.doc = json.loads(body.decode('utf-8'))
        
                    except (ValueError, UnicodeDecodeError):
                        description = ('Could not decode the request body. The '
                                       'JSON was incorrect or not encoded as '
                                       'UTF-8.')
        
                        raise falcon.HTTPBadRequest(title='Malformed JSON',
                                                    description=description)
        
                async def process_response(self, req, resp, resource, req_succeeded):
                    if not hasattr(resp.context, 'result'):
                        return
        
                    resp.text = json.dumps(resp.context.result)
        
        
            def max_body(limit):
        
                async def hook(req, resp, resource, params):
                    length = req.content_length
                    if length is not None and length > limit:
                        msg = ('The size of the request is too large. The body must not '
                               'exceed ' + str(limit) + ' bytes in length.')
        
                        raise falcon.HTTPPayloadTooLarge(
                            title='Request body is too large', description=msg)
        
                return hook
        
        
            class ThingsResource:
        
                def __init__(self, db):
                    self.db = db
                    self.logger = logging.getLogger('thingsapp.' + __name__)
        
                async def on_get(self, req, resp, user_id):
                    marker = req.get_param('marker') or ''
                    limit = req.get_param_as_int('limit') or 50
        
                    try:
                        result = await self.db.get_things(marker, limit)
                    except Exception as ex:
                        self.logger.error(ex)
        
                        description = ('Aliens have attacked our base! We will '
                                       'be back as soon as we fight them off. '
                                       'We appreciate your patience.')
        
                        raise falcon.HTTPServiceUnavailable(
                            title='Service Outage',
                            description=description,
                            retry_after=30)
        
                    # NOTE: Normally you would use resp.media for this sort of thing;
                    # this example serves only to demonstrate how the context can be
                    # used to pass arbitrary values between middleware components,
                    # hooks, and resources.
                    resp.context.result = result
        
                    resp.set_header('Powered-By', 'Falcon')
                    resp.status = falcon.HTTP_200
        
                @falcon.before(max_body(64 * 1024))
                async def on_post(self, req, resp, user_id):
                    try:
                        doc = req.context.doc
                    except AttributeError:
                        raise falcon.HTTPBadRequest(
                            title='Missing thing',
                            description='A thing must be submitted in the request body.')
        
                    proper_thing = await self.db.add_thing(doc)
        
                    resp.status = falcon.HTTP_201
                    resp.location = '/%s/things/%s' % (user_id, proper_thing['id'])
        
        
            # The app instance is an ASGI callable
            app = falcon.asgi.App(middleware=[
                # AuthMiddleware(),
                RequireJSON(),
                JSONTranslator(),
            ])
        
            db = StorageEngine()
            things = ThingsResource(db)
            app.add_route('/{user_id}/things', things)
        
            # If a responder ever raises an instance of StorageError, pass control to
            # the given handler.
            app.add_error_handler(StorageError, StorageError.handle)
        
            # Proxy some things to another service; this example shows how you might
            # send parts of an API off to a legacy system that hasn't been upgraded
            # yet, or perhaps is a single cluster that all data centers have to share.
            sink = SinkAdapter()
            app.add_sink(sink, r'/search/(?P<engine>ddg|y)\Z')
        
        You can run the ASGI version with any ASGI server, such as uvicorn:
        
        .. code:: bash
        
            $ pip install falcon httpx uvicorn
            $ uvicorn things_advanced_asgi:app
        
        Contributing
        ------------
        
        Thanks for your interest in the project! We welcome pull requests from
        developers of all skill levels. To get started, simply fork the master branch
        on GitHub to your personal account and then clone the fork into your
        development environment.
        
        If you would like to contribute but don't already have something in mind,
        we invite you to take a look at the issues listed under our
        `next milestone <https://github.com/falconry/falcon/milestones>`_.
        If you see one you'd like to work on, please leave a quick comment so that we don't
        end up with duplicated effort. Thanks in advance!
        
        Please note that all contributors and maintainers of this project are subject to our `Code of Conduct <https://github.com/falconry/falcon/blob/master/CODEOFCONDUCT.md>`_.
        
        Before submitting a pull request, please ensure you have added/updated
        the appropriate tests (and that all existing tests still pass with your
        changes), and that your coding style follows PEP 8 and doesn't cause
        pyflakes to complain.
        
        Commit messages should be formatted using `AngularJS
        conventions <https://github.com/angular/angular.js/blob/master/DEVELOPERS.md#-git-commit-guidelines>`__.
        
        Comments follow `Google's style guide <https://google.github.io/styleguide/pyguide.html?showone=Comments#Comments>`__,
        with the additional requirement of prefixing inline comments using your
        GitHub nick and an appropriate prefix:
        
        - TODO(riker): Damage report!
        - NOTE(riker): Well, that's certainly good to know.
        - PERF(riker): Travel time to the nearest starbase?
        - APPSEC(riker): In all trust, there is the possibility for betrayal.
        
        The core Falcon project maintainers are:
        
        - Kurt Griffiths, Project Lead (**kgriffs** on GH, Gitter, and Twitter)
        - John Vrbanac (**jmvrbanac** on GH, Gitter, and Twitter)
        - Vytautas Liuolia (**vytas7** on GH and Gitter, and **vliuolia** on Twitter)
        - Nick Zaccardi (**nZac** on GH and Gitter)
        - Federico Caselli (**CaselIT** on GH and Gitter)
        
        Please don't hesitate to reach out if you have any questions, or just need a
        little help getting started. You can find us in
        `falconry/dev <https://gitter.im/falconry/dev>`_ on Gitter.
        
        See also: `CONTRIBUTING.md <https://github.com/falconry/falcon/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md>`__
        
        Legal
        -----
        
        Copyright 2013-2020 by Individual and corporate contributors as
        noted in the individual source files.
        
        Falcon image courtesy of `John
        O'Neill <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brown-Falcon,-Vic,-3.1.2008.jpg>`__.
        
        Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
        not use any portion of the Falcon framework except in compliance with
        the License. Contributors agree to license their work under the same
        License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
        
        Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
        distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
        WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
        See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
        limitations under the License.
        
        .. |Docs| image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/falcon/badge/?version=stable
            :target: https://falcon.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable
            :alt: Falcon web framework docs
        .. |Runner| image:: https://a248.e.akamai.net/assets.github.com/images/icons/emoji/runner.png
            :width: 20
            :height: 20
        .. |Build Status| image:: https://github.com/falconry/falcon/workflows/Run%20tests/badge.svg
           :target: https://github.com/falconry/falcon/actions?query=workflow%3A%22Run+tests%22
        .. |codecov.io| image:: https://codecov.io/gh/falconry/falcon/branch/master/graphs/badge.svg
           :target: http://codecov.io/gh/falconry/falcon
        
Keywords: wsgi web api framework rest http cloud
Platform: UNKNOWN
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
Classifier: Natural Language :: English
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: Intended Audience :: System Administrators
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X
Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows
Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX
Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: WSGI
Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Application Frameworks
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
Classifier: Programming Language :: Cython
Requires-Python: >=3.5
Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
