/*
 * Copyright © 2010-2014 Inria.  All rights reserved.
 * Copyright © 2010-2013 Université Bordeaux 1
 * Copyright © 2010-2011 Cisco Systems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
 * See COPYING in top-level directory.
 *
 *
 * This backend is only used when the operating system does not export
 * the necessary hardware topology information to user-space applications.
 * Currently, only the FreeBSD backend relies on this x86 backend.
 *
 * Other backends such as Linux have their own way to retrieve various
 * pieces of hardware topology information from the operating system
 * on various architectures, without having to use this x86-specific code.
 */

#include <private/autogen/config.h>
#include <hwloc.h>
#include <private/private.h>
#include <private/debug.h>
#include <private/misc.h>

#include <private/cpuid-x86.h>

#define has_topoext(features) ((features)[6] & (1 << 22))

struct cacheinfo {
  unsigned type;
  unsigned level;
  unsigned nbthreads_sharing;

  unsigned linesize;
  unsigned linepart;
  int ways;
  unsigned sets;
  unsigned size;
};

struct procinfo {
  unsigned present;
  unsigned apicid;
  unsigned max_log_proc;
  unsigned max_nbcores;
  unsigned max_nbthreads;
  unsigned socketid;
  unsigned nodeid;
  unsigned unitid;
  unsigned logprocid;
  unsigned threadid;
  unsigned coreid;
  unsigned *otherids;
  unsigned levels;
  unsigned numcaches;
  struct cacheinfo *cache;
  char cpuvendor[13];
  char cpumodel[3*4*4+1];
  unsigned cpumodelnumber;
  unsigned cpufamilynumber;
};

enum cpuid_type {
  intel,
  amd,
  unknown
};

static void fill_amd_cache(struct procinfo *infos, unsigned level, unsigned cpuid)
{
  struct cacheinfo *cache;
  unsigned cachenum;
  unsigned size = 0;

  if (level == 1)
    size = ((cpuid >> 24)) << 10;
  else if (level == 2)
    size = ((cpuid >> 16)) << 10;
  else if (level == 3)
    size = ((cpuid >> 18)) << 19;
  if (!size)
    return;

  cachenum = infos->numcaches++;
  infos->cache = realloc(infos->cache, infos->numcaches*sizeof(*infos->cache));
  cache = &infos->cache[cachenum];

  cache->type = 1;
  cache->level = level;
  if (level <= 2)
    cache->nbthreads_sharing = 1;
  else
    cache->nbthreads_sharing = infos->max_log_proc;
  cache->linesize = cpuid & 0xff;
  cache->linepart = 0;
  if (level == 1) {
    cache->ways = (cpuid >> 16) & 0xff;
    if (cache->ways == 0xff)
      /* Fully associative */
      cache->ways = -1;
  } else {
    static const unsigned ways_tab[] = { 0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 0, 8, 0, 16, 0, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, -1 };
    unsigned ways = (cpuid >> 12) & 0xf;
    cache->ways = ways_tab[ways];
  }
  cache->size = size;
  cache->sets = 0;

  hwloc_debug("cache L%u t%u linesize %u ways %u size %uKB\n", cache->level, cache->nbthreads_sharing, cache->linesize, cache->ways, cache->size >> 10);
}

/* Fetch information from the processor itself thanks to cpuid and store it in
 * infos for summarize to analyze them globally */
static void look_proc(struct procinfo *infos, unsigned highest_cpuid, unsigned highest_ext_cpuid, unsigned *features, enum cpuid_type cpuid_type)
{
  unsigned eax, ebx, ecx = 0, edx;
  unsigned cachenum;
  struct cacheinfo *cache;
  unsigned regs[4];
  unsigned _model, _extendedmodel, _family, _extendedfamily;

  infos->present = 1;

  eax = 0x01;
  hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
  infos->apicid = ebx >> 24;
  if (edx & (1 << 28))
    infos->max_log_proc = 1 << hwloc_flsl(((ebx >> 16) & 0xff) - 1);
  else
    infos->max_log_proc = 1;
  hwloc_debug("APIC ID 0x%02x max_log_proc %u\n", infos->apicid, infos->max_log_proc);
  infos->socketid = infos->apicid / infos->max_log_proc;
  infos->logprocid = infos->apicid % infos->max_log_proc;
  hwloc_debug("phys %u thread %u\n", infos->socketid, infos->logprocid);

  memset(regs, 0, sizeof(regs));
  regs[0] = 0;
  hwloc_x86_cpuid(&regs[0], &regs[1], &regs[3], &regs[2]);
  memcpy(infos->cpuvendor, regs+1, 4*3);
  infos->cpuvendor[12] = '\0';

  memset(regs, 0, sizeof(regs));
  regs[0] = 1;
  hwloc_x86_cpuid(&regs[0], &regs[1], &regs[2], &regs[3]);
  _model          = (regs[0]>>4) & 0xf;
  _extendedmodel  = (regs[0]>>16) & 0xf;
  _family         = (regs[0]>>8) & 0xf;
  _extendedfamily = (regs[0]>>20) & 0xff;
  if (!strncmp(infos->cpuvendor, "Genu", 4)
      || (!strncmp(infos->cpuvendor, "Auth", 4) && _family == 0xf)) {
    infos->cpufamilynumber = _family + _extendedfamily;
    infos->cpumodelnumber = _model + (_extendedmodel << 4);
  } else {
    infos->cpufamilynumber = _family;
    infos->cpumodelnumber = _model;
  }

  if (highest_ext_cpuid >= 0x80000004) {
    memset(regs, 0, sizeof(regs));
    regs[0] = 0x80000002;
    hwloc_x86_cpuid(&regs[0], &regs[1], &regs[2], &regs[3]);
    memcpy(infos->cpumodel, regs, 4*4);
    regs[0] = 0x80000003;
    hwloc_x86_cpuid(&regs[0], &regs[1], &regs[2], &regs[3]);
    memcpy(infos->cpumodel + 4*4, regs, 4*4);
    regs[0] = 0x80000004;
    hwloc_x86_cpuid(&regs[0], &regs[1], &regs[2], &regs[3]);
    memcpy(infos->cpumodel + 4*4*2, regs, 4*4);
    infos->cpumodel[3*4*4] = 0;
  } else
    infos->cpumodel[0] = 0;

  /* Intel doesn't actually provide 0x80000008 information */
  if (cpuid_type != intel && highest_ext_cpuid >= 0x80000008) {
    unsigned coreidsize;
    eax = 0x80000008;
    hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
    coreidsize = (ecx >> 12) & 0xf;
    hwloc_debug("core ID size: %u\n", coreidsize);
    if (!coreidsize) {
      infos->max_nbcores = (ecx & 0xff) + 1;
    } else 
      infos->max_nbcores = 1 << coreidsize;
    hwloc_debug("Thus max # of cores: %u\n", infos->max_nbcores);
    /* Still no multithreaded AMD */
    infos->max_nbthreads = 1 ;
    hwloc_debug("and max # of threads: %u\n", infos->max_nbthreads);
    infos->threadid = infos->logprocid % infos->max_nbthreads;
    infos->coreid = infos->logprocid / infos->max_nbthreads;
    hwloc_debug("this is thread %u of core %u\n", infos->threadid, infos->coreid);
  }

  infos->numcaches = 0;
  infos->cache = NULL;

  /* AMD topology extension */
  if (cpuid_type != intel && has_topoext(features)) {
    unsigned apic_id, node_id, nodes_per_proc, unit_id, cores_per_unit;

    eax = 0x8000001e;
    hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
    infos->apicid = apic_id = eax;
    infos->nodeid = node_id = ecx & 0xff;
    nodes_per_proc = ((ecx >> 8) & 7) + 1;
    if (nodes_per_proc > 2) {
      hwloc_debug("warning: undefined value %d, assuming it means %d\n", nodes_per_proc, nodes_per_proc);
    }
    infos->unitid = unit_id = ebx & 0xff;
    cores_per_unit = ((ebx >> 8) & 3) + 1;
    hwloc_debug("x2APIC %08x, %d nodes, node %d, %d cores in unit %d\n", apic_id, nodes_per_proc, node_id, cores_per_unit, unit_id);

    for (cachenum = 0; ; cachenum++) {
      unsigned type;
      eax = 0x8000001d;
      ecx = cachenum;
      hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
      type = eax & 0x1f;
      if (type == 0)
	break;
      infos->numcaches++;
    }

    cache = infos->cache = malloc(infos->numcaches * sizeof(*infos->cache));

    for (cachenum = 0; ; cachenum++) {
      unsigned linesize, linepart, ways, sets;
      unsigned type;
      eax = 0x8000001d;
      ecx = cachenum;
      hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);

      type = eax & 0x1f;

      if (type == 0)
	break;

      cache->type = type;
      cache->level = (eax >> 5) & 0x7;
      /* Note: actually number of cores */
      cache->nbthreads_sharing = ((eax >> 14) &  0xfff) + 1;

      cache->linesize = linesize = (ebx & 0xfff) + 1;
      cache->linepart = linepart = ((ebx >> 12) & 0x3ff) + 1;
      ways = ((ebx >> 22) & 0x3ff) + 1;

      if (eax & (1 << 9))
	/* Fully associative */
	cache->ways = -1;
      else
	cache->ways = ways;
      cache->sets = sets = ecx + 1;
      cache->size = linesize * linepart * ways * sets;

      hwloc_debug("cache %u type %u L%u t%u c%u linesize %u linepart %u ways %u sets %u, size %uKB\n", cachenum, cache->type, cache->level, cache->nbthreads_sharing, infos->max_nbcores, linesize, linepart, ways, sets, cache->size >> 10);

      cache++;
    }
  } else {
    /* Intel doesn't actually provide 0x80000005 information */
    if (cpuid_type != intel && highest_ext_cpuid >= 0x80000005) {
      eax = 0x80000005;
      hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
      fill_amd_cache(infos, 1, ecx);
    }

    /* Intel doesn't actually provide 0x80000006 information */
    if (cpuid_type != intel && highest_ext_cpuid >= 0x80000006) {
      eax = 0x80000006;
      hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
      fill_amd_cache(infos, 2, ecx);
      fill_amd_cache(infos, 3, edx);
    }
  }

  /* AMD doesn't actually provide 0x04 information */
  if (cpuid_type != amd && highest_cpuid >= 0x04) {
    for (cachenum = 0; ; cachenum++) {
      unsigned type;
      eax = 0x04;
      ecx = cachenum;
      hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);

      type = eax & 0x1f;

      hwloc_debug("cache %u type %u\n", cachenum, type);

      if (type == 0)
	break;
      infos->numcaches++;
    }

    cache = infos->cache = malloc(infos->numcaches * sizeof(*infos->cache));

    for (cachenum = 0; ; cachenum++) {
      unsigned linesize, linepart, ways, sets;
      unsigned type;
      eax = 0x04;
      ecx = cachenum;
      hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);

      type = eax & 0x1f;

      if (type == 0)
	break;

      cache->type = type;
      cache->level = (eax >> 5) & 0x7;
      cache->nbthreads_sharing = ((eax >> 14) & 0xfff) + 1;
      infos->max_nbcores = ((eax >> 26) & 0x3f) + 1;

      cache->linesize = linesize = (ebx & 0xfff) + 1;
      cache->linepart = linepart = ((ebx >> 12) & 0x3ff) + 1;
      ways = ((ebx >> 22) & 0x3ff) + 1;
      if (eax & (1 << 9))
        /* Fully associative */
        cache->ways = -1;
      else
        cache->ways = ways;
      cache->sets = sets = ecx + 1;
      cache->size = linesize * linepart * ways * sets;

      hwloc_debug("cache %u type %u L%u t%u c%u linesize %u linepart %u ways %u sets %u, size %uKB\n", cachenum, cache->type, cache->level, cache->nbthreads_sharing, infos->max_nbcores, linesize, linepart, ways, sets, cache->size >> 10);
      infos->max_nbthreads = infos->max_log_proc / infos->max_nbcores;
      hwloc_debug("thus %u threads\n", infos->max_nbthreads);
      infos->threadid = infos->logprocid % infos->max_nbthreads;
      infos->coreid = infos->logprocid / infos->max_nbthreads;
      hwloc_debug("this is thread %u of core %u\n", infos->threadid, infos->coreid);

      cache++;
    }
  }

  if (cpuid_type == intel && highest_cpuid >= 0x0b) {
    unsigned level, apic_nextshift, apic_number, apic_type, apic_id = 0, apic_shift = 0, id;
    for (level = 0; ; level++) {
      ecx = level;
      eax = 0x0b;
      hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
      if (!eax && !ebx)
        break;
    }
    if (level) {
      infos->levels = level;
      infos->otherids = malloc(level * sizeof(*infos->otherids));
      for (level = 0; ; level++) {
	ecx = level;
	eax = 0x0b;
	hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
	if (!eax && !ebx)
	  break;
	apic_nextshift = eax & 0x1f;
	apic_number = ebx & 0xffff;
	apic_type = (ecx & 0xff00) >> 8;
	apic_id = edx;
	id = (apic_id >> apic_shift) & ((1 << (apic_nextshift - apic_shift)) - 1);
	hwloc_debug("x2APIC %08x %d: nextshift %d num %2d type %d id %2d\n", apic_id, level, apic_nextshift, apic_number, apic_type, id);
	infos->apicid = apic_id;
	infos->otherids[level] = UINT_MAX;
	switch (apic_type) {
	case 1:
	  infos->threadid = id;
	  break;
	case 2:
	  infos->coreid = id;
	  break;
	default:
	  hwloc_debug("x2APIC %d: unknown type %d\n", level, apic_type);
	  infos->otherids[level] = apic_id >> apic_shift;
	  break;
	}
	apic_shift = apic_nextshift;
      }
      infos->socketid = apic_id >> apic_shift;
      hwloc_debug("x2APIC remainder: %d\n", infos->socketid);
    } else
      infos->otherids = NULL;
  } else
    infos->otherids = NULL;
}

static void
hwloc_x86_add_cpuinfos(hwloc_obj_t obj, struct procinfo *info, int nodup)
{
  char number[8];
  hwloc_obj_add_info_nodup(obj, "CPUVendor", info->cpuvendor, nodup);
  if (info->cpumodel[0]) {
    const char *c = info->cpumodel;
    while (*c == ' ')
      c++;
    hwloc_obj_add_info_nodup(obj, "CPUModel", c, nodup);
  }
  snprintf(number, sizeof(number), "%u", info->cpumodelnumber);
  hwloc_obj_add_info_nodup(obj, "CPUModelNumber", number, nodup);
  snprintf(number, sizeof(number), "%u", info->cpufamilynumber);
  hwloc_obj_add_info_nodup(obj, "CPUFamilyNumber", number, nodup);
}

/* Analyse information stored in infos, and build/annotate topology levels accordingly */
static void summarize(hwloc_topology_t topology, struct procinfo *infos, unsigned nbprocs,
		      int fulldiscovery)
{
  hwloc_bitmap_t complete_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_alloc();
  unsigned i, j, l, level, type;
  unsigned nbsockets = 0;
  int one = -1;

  for (i = 0; i < nbprocs; i++)
    if (infos[i].present) {
      hwloc_bitmap_set(complete_cpuset, i);
      one = i;
    }

  if (one == -1) {
    hwloc_bitmap_free(complete_cpuset);
    return;
  }

  /* Ideally, when fulldiscovery=0, we could add any object that doesn't exist yet.
   * But what if the x86 and the native backends disagree because one is buggy? Which one to trust?
   * Only annotate existing objects for now.
   */

  /* Look for sockets */
  if (fulldiscovery) {
    hwloc_bitmap_t sockets_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_dup(complete_cpuset);
    hwloc_bitmap_t socket_cpuset;
    hwloc_obj_t socket;

    while ((i = hwloc_bitmap_first(sockets_cpuset)) != (unsigned) -1) {
      unsigned socketid = infos[i].socketid;

      socket_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_alloc();
      for (j = i; j < nbprocs; j++) {
        if (infos[j].socketid == socketid) {
          hwloc_bitmap_set(socket_cpuset, j);
          hwloc_bitmap_clr(sockets_cpuset, j);
        }
      }
      socket = hwloc_alloc_setup_object(HWLOC_OBJ_SOCKET, socketid);
      socket->cpuset = socket_cpuset;

      hwloc_x86_add_cpuinfos(socket, &infos[i], 0);

      hwloc_debug_1arg_bitmap("os socket %u has cpuset %s\n",
          socketid, socket_cpuset);
      hwloc_insert_object_by_cpuset(topology, socket);
      nbsockets++;
    }
    hwloc_bitmap_free(sockets_cpuset);

  } else {
    /* Annotate sockets previously-existing sockets */
    hwloc_obj_t socket = NULL;
    int same = 1;
    nbsockets = hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_type(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_SOCKET);
    /* check whether all sockets have the same info */
    for(i=1; i<nbprocs; i++) {
      if (strcmp(infos[i].cpumodel, infos[0].cpumodel)) {
	same = 0;
	break;
      }
    }
    /* now iterate over sockets and annotate them */
    while ((socket = hwloc_get_next_obj_by_type(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_SOCKET, socket)) != NULL) {
      if (socket->os_index == (unsigned) -1) {
	/* try to fix the socket OS index if unknown.
	 * FIXME: ideally, we should check all bits in case x86 and the native backend disagree.
	 */
	for(i=0; i<nbprocs; i++) {
	  if (hwloc_bitmap_isset(socket->cpuset, i)) {
	    socket->os_index = infos[i].socketid;
	    break;
	  }
	}
      }
      for(i=0; i<nbprocs; i++) {
	/* if there's a single socket, it's the one we want.
	 * if the index is ok, it's the one we want.
	 * if the index is unknown but all sockets have the same id, that's fine
	 */
	if (nbsockets == 1 || infos[i].socketid == socket->os_index || (same && socket->os_index == (unsigned) -1)) {
	  hwloc_x86_add_cpuinfos(socket, &infos[i], 1);
	  break;
	}
      }
    }
  }
  /* If there was no socket, annotate the Machine instead */
  if ((!nbsockets) && infos[0].cpumodel[0]) {
    hwloc_x86_add_cpuinfos(hwloc_get_root_obj(topology), &infos[0], 1);
  }

  /* Look for Numa nodes inside sockets */
  if (fulldiscovery) {
    hwloc_bitmap_t nodes_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_dup(complete_cpuset);
    hwloc_bitmap_t node_cpuset;
    hwloc_obj_t node;

    while ((i = hwloc_bitmap_first(nodes_cpuset)) != (unsigned) -1) {
      unsigned socketid = infos[i].socketid;
      unsigned nodeid = infos[i].nodeid;

      if (nodeid == (unsigned)-1) {
        hwloc_bitmap_clr(nodes_cpuset, i);
	continue;
      }

      node_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_alloc();
      for (j = i; j < nbprocs; j++) {
	if (infos[j].nodeid == (unsigned) -1) {
	  hwloc_bitmap_clr(nodes_cpuset, j);
	  continue;
	}

        if (infos[j].socketid == socketid && infos[j].nodeid == nodeid) {
          hwloc_bitmap_set(node_cpuset, j);
          hwloc_bitmap_clr(nodes_cpuset, j);
        }
      }
      node = hwloc_alloc_setup_object(HWLOC_OBJ_NODE, nodeid);
      node->cpuset = node_cpuset;
      hwloc_debug_1arg_bitmap("os node %u has cpuset %s\n",
          nodeid, node_cpuset);
      hwloc_insert_object_by_cpuset(topology, node);
    }
    hwloc_bitmap_free(nodes_cpuset);
  }

  /* Look for Compute units inside sockets */
  if (fulldiscovery) {
    hwloc_bitmap_t units_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_dup(complete_cpuset);
    hwloc_bitmap_t unit_cpuset;
    hwloc_obj_t unit;

    while ((i = hwloc_bitmap_first(units_cpuset)) != (unsigned) -1) {
      unsigned socketid = infos[i].socketid;
      unsigned unitid = infos[i].unitid;

      if (unitid == (unsigned)-1) {
        hwloc_bitmap_clr(units_cpuset, i);
	continue;
      }

      unit_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_alloc();
      for (j = i; j < nbprocs; j++) {
	if (infos[j].unitid == (unsigned) -1) {
	  hwloc_bitmap_clr(units_cpuset, j);
	  continue;
	}

        if (infos[j].socketid == socketid && infos[j].unitid == unitid) {
          hwloc_bitmap_set(unit_cpuset, j);
          hwloc_bitmap_clr(units_cpuset, j);
        }
      }
      unit = hwloc_alloc_setup_object(HWLOC_OBJ_GROUP, unitid);
      unit->cpuset = unit_cpuset;
      hwloc_debug_1arg_bitmap("os unit %u has cpuset %s\n",
          unitid, unit_cpuset);
      hwloc_insert_object_by_cpuset(topology, unit);
    }
    hwloc_bitmap_free(units_cpuset);
  }

  /* Look for unknown objects */
  if (infos[one].otherids) {
    for (level = infos[one].levels-1; level <= infos[one].levels-1; level--) {
      if (infos[one].otherids[level] != UINT_MAX) {
	hwloc_bitmap_t unknowns_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_dup(complete_cpuset);
	hwloc_bitmap_t unknown_cpuset;
	hwloc_obj_t unknown_obj;

	while ((i = hwloc_bitmap_first(unknowns_cpuset)) != (unsigned) -1) {
	  unsigned unknownid = infos[i].otherids[level];

	  unknown_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_alloc();
	  for (j = i; j < nbprocs; j++) {
	    if (infos[j].otherids[level] == unknownid) {
	      hwloc_bitmap_set(unknown_cpuset, j);
	      hwloc_bitmap_clr(unknowns_cpuset, j);
	    }
	  }
	  unknown_obj = hwloc_alloc_setup_object(HWLOC_OBJ_MISC, unknownid);
	  unknown_obj->cpuset = unknown_cpuset;
	  unknown_obj->os_level = level;
	  hwloc_debug_2args_bitmap("os unknown%d %u has cpuset %s\n",
	      level, unknownid, unknown_cpuset);
	  hwloc_insert_object_by_cpuset(topology, unknown_obj);
	}
	hwloc_bitmap_free(unknowns_cpuset);
      }
    }
  }

  /* Look for cores */
  if (fulldiscovery) {
    hwloc_bitmap_t cores_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_dup(complete_cpuset);
    hwloc_bitmap_t core_cpuset;
    hwloc_obj_t core;

    while ((i = hwloc_bitmap_first(cores_cpuset)) != (unsigned) -1) {
      unsigned socketid = infos[i].socketid;
      unsigned coreid = infos[i].coreid;

      if (coreid == (unsigned) -1) {
        hwloc_bitmap_clr(cores_cpuset, i);
	continue;
      }

      core_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_alloc();
      for (j = i; j < nbprocs; j++) {
	if (infos[j].coreid == (unsigned) -1) {
	  hwloc_bitmap_clr(cores_cpuset, j);
	  continue;
	}

        if (infos[j].socketid == socketid && infos[j].coreid == coreid) {
          hwloc_bitmap_set(core_cpuset, j);
          hwloc_bitmap_clr(cores_cpuset, j);
        }
      }
      core = hwloc_alloc_setup_object(HWLOC_OBJ_CORE, coreid);
      core->cpuset = core_cpuset;
      hwloc_debug_1arg_bitmap("os core %u has cpuset %s\n",
          coreid, core_cpuset);
      hwloc_insert_object_by_cpuset(topology, core);
    }
    hwloc_bitmap_free(cores_cpuset);
  }

  /* Look for caches */
  /* First find max level */
  level = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < nbprocs; i++)
    for (j = 0; j < infos[i].numcaches; j++)
      if (infos[i].cache[j].level > level)
        level = infos[i].cache[j].level;

  /* Look for known types */
  if (fulldiscovery) while (level > 0) {
    for (type = 1; type <= 3; type++) {
      /* Look for caches of that type at level level */
      {
	hwloc_bitmap_t caches_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_dup(complete_cpuset);
	hwloc_bitmap_t cache_cpuset;
	hwloc_obj_t cache;

	while ((i = hwloc_bitmap_first(caches_cpuset)) != (unsigned) -1) {
	  unsigned socketid = infos[i].socketid;

	  for (l = 0; l < infos[i].numcaches; l++) {
	    if (infos[i].cache[l].level == level && infos[i].cache[l].type == type)
	      break;
	  }
	  if (l == infos[i].numcaches) {
	    /* no cache Llevel of that type in i */
	    hwloc_bitmap_clr(caches_cpuset, i);
	    continue;
	  }

	  /* Found a matching cache, now look for others sharing it */
	  {
	    unsigned cacheid = infos[i].apicid / infos[i].cache[l].nbthreads_sharing;

	    cache_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_alloc();
	    for (j = i; j < nbprocs; j++) {
	      unsigned l2;
	      for (l2 = 0; l2 < infos[j].numcaches; l2++) {
		if (infos[j].cache[l2].level == level && infos[j].cache[l2].type == type)
		  break;
	      }
	      if (l2 == infos[j].numcaches) {
		/* no cache Llevel of that type in j */
		hwloc_bitmap_clr(caches_cpuset, j);
		continue;
	      }
	      if (infos[j].socketid == socketid && infos[j].apicid / infos[j].cache[l2].nbthreads_sharing == cacheid) {
		hwloc_bitmap_set(cache_cpuset, j);
		hwloc_bitmap_clr(caches_cpuset, j);
	      }
	    }
	    cache = hwloc_alloc_setup_object(HWLOC_OBJ_CACHE, cacheid);
	    cache->attr->cache.depth = level;
	    cache->attr->cache.size = infos[i].cache[l].size;
	    cache->attr->cache.linesize = infos[i].cache[l].linesize;
	    cache->attr->cache.associativity = infos[i].cache[l].ways;
	    switch (infos[i].cache[l].type) {
	      case 1:
		cache->attr->cache.type = HWLOC_OBJ_CACHE_DATA;
		break;
	      case 2:
		cache->attr->cache.type = HWLOC_OBJ_CACHE_INSTRUCTION;
		break;
	      case 3:
		cache->attr->cache.type = HWLOC_OBJ_CACHE_UNIFIED;
		break;
	    }
	    cache->cpuset = cache_cpuset;
	    hwloc_debug_2args_bitmap("os L%u cache %u has cpuset %s\n",
		level, cacheid, cache_cpuset);
	    hwloc_insert_object_by_cpuset(topology, cache);
	  }
	}
	hwloc_bitmap_free(caches_cpuset);
      }
    }
    level--;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < nbprocs; i++) {
    free(infos[i].cache);
    if (infos[i].otherids)
      free(infos[i].otherids);
  }

  hwloc_bitmap_free(complete_cpuset);
}

static int
look_procs(struct hwloc_topology *topology, unsigned nbprocs, struct procinfo *infos, int fulldiscovery,
	   unsigned highest_cpuid, unsigned highest_ext_cpuid, unsigned *features, enum cpuid_type cpuid_type,
	   int (*get_cpubind)(hwloc_topology_t topology, hwloc_cpuset_t set, int flags),
	   int (*set_cpubind)(hwloc_topology_t topology, hwloc_const_cpuset_t set, int flags))
{
  hwloc_bitmap_t orig_cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_alloc();
  hwloc_bitmap_t set;
  unsigned i;

  if (get_cpubind(topology, orig_cpuset, HWLOC_CPUBIND_STRICT)) {
    hwloc_bitmap_free(orig_cpuset);
    return -1;
  }

  set = hwloc_bitmap_alloc();

  for (i = 0; i < nbprocs; i++) {
    hwloc_bitmap_only(set, i);
    hwloc_debug("binding to CPU%d\n", i);
    if (set_cpubind(topology, set, HWLOC_CPUBIND_STRICT)) {
      hwloc_debug("could not bind to CPU%d: %s\n", i, strerror(errno));
      continue;
    }
    look_proc(&infos[i], highest_cpuid, highest_ext_cpuid, features, cpuid_type);
  }

  set_cpubind(topology, orig_cpuset, 0);
  hwloc_bitmap_free(set);
  hwloc_bitmap_free(orig_cpuset);

  summarize(topology, infos, nbprocs, fulldiscovery);
  return fulldiscovery; /* success, but objects added only if fulldiscovery */
}

#if defined HWLOC_FREEBSD_SYS && defined HAVE_CPUSET_SETID
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/cpuset.h>
typedef cpusetid_t hwloc_x86_os_state_t;
static void hwloc_x86_os_state_save(hwloc_x86_os_state_t *state)
{
  /* temporary make all cpus available during discovery */
  cpuset_getid(CPU_LEVEL_CPUSET, CPU_WHICH_PID, -1, state);
  cpuset_setid(CPU_WHICH_PID, -1, 0);
}
static void hwloc_x86_os_state_restore(hwloc_x86_os_state_t *state)
{
  /* restore initial cpuset */
  cpuset_setid(CPU_WHICH_PID, -1, *state);
}
#else /* !defined HWLOC_FREEBSD_SYS || !defined HAVE_CPUSET_SETID */
typedef void * hwloc_x86_os_state_t;
static void hwloc_x86_os_state_save(hwloc_x86_os_state_t *state __hwloc_attribute_unused) { }
static void hwloc_x86_os_state_restore(hwloc_x86_os_state_t *state __hwloc_attribute_unused) { }
#endif /* !defined HWLOC_FREEBSD_SYS || !defined HAVE_CPUSET_SETID */


#define INTEL_EBX ('G' | ('e'<<8) | ('n'<<16) | ('u'<<24))
#define INTEL_EDX ('i' | ('n'<<8) | ('e'<<16) | ('I'<<24))
#define INTEL_ECX ('n' | ('t'<<8) | ('e'<<16) | ('l'<<24))

#define AMD_EBX ('A' | ('u'<<8) | ('t'<<16) | ('h'<<24))
#define AMD_EDX ('e' | ('n'<<8) | ('t'<<16) | ('i'<<24))
#define AMD_ECX ('c' | ('A'<<8) | ('M'<<16) | ('D'<<24))

/* fake cpubind for when nbprocs=1 and no binding support */
static int fake_get_cpubind(hwloc_topology_t topology __hwloc_attribute_unused,
			    hwloc_cpuset_t set __hwloc_attribute_unused,
			    int flags __hwloc_attribute_unused)
{
  return 0;
}
static int fake_set_cpubind(hwloc_topology_t topology __hwloc_attribute_unused,
			    hwloc_const_cpuset_t set __hwloc_attribute_unused,
			    int flags __hwloc_attribute_unused)
{
  return 0;
}

static
int hwloc_look_x86(struct hwloc_topology *topology, unsigned nbprocs, int fulldiscovery)
{
  unsigned eax, ebx, ecx = 0, edx;
  unsigned i;
  unsigned highest_cpuid;
  unsigned highest_ext_cpuid;
  /* This stores cpuid features with the same indexing as Linux */
  unsigned features[10] = { 0 };
  struct procinfo *infos = NULL;
  enum cpuid_type cpuid_type = unknown;
  hwloc_x86_os_state_t os_state;
  struct hwloc_binding_hooks hooks;
  struct hwloc_topology_support support;
  struct hwloc_topology_membind_support memsupport __hwloc_attribute_unused;
  int (*get_cpubind)(hwloc_topology_t topology, hwloc_cpuset_t set, int flags);
  int (*set_cpubind)(hwloc_topology_t topology, hwloc_const_cpuset_t set, int flags);
  int ret = -1;

  /* check if binding works */
  memset(&hooks, 0, sizeof(hooks));
  support.membind = &memsupport;
  hwloc_set_native_binding_hooks(&hooks, &support);
  if (hooks.get_thisproc_cpubind && hooks.set_thisproc_cpubind) {
    get_cpubind = hooks.get_thisproc_cpubind;
    set_cpubind = hooks.set_thisproc_cpubind;
  } else if (hooks.get_thisthread_cpubind && hooks.set_thisthread_cpubind) {
    get_cpubind = hooks.get_thisthread_cpubind;
    set_cpubind = hooks.set_thisthread_cpubind;
  } else {
    /* we need binding support if there are multiple PUs */
    if (nbprocs > 1)
      goto out;
    get_cpubind = fake_get_cpubind;
    set_cpubind = fake_set_cpubind;
  }

  if (!hwloc_have_x86_cpuid())
    goto out;

  infos = calloc(nbprocs, sizeof(struct procinfo));
  if (NULL == infos)
    goto out;
  for (i = 0; i < nbprocs; i++) {
    infos[i].nodeid = (unsigned) -1;
    infos[i].socketid = (unsigned) -1;
    infos[i].unitid = (unsigned) -1;
    infos[i].coreid = (unsigned) -1;
    infos[i].threadid = (unsigned) -1;
  }

  eax = 0x00;
  hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
  highest_cpuid = eax;
  if (ebx == INTEL_EBX && ecx == INTEL_ECX && edx == INTEL_EDX)
    cpuid_type = intel;
  if (ebx == AMD_EBX && ecx == AMD_ECX && edx == AMD_EDX)
    cpuid_type = amd;

  hwloc_debug("highest cpuid %x, cpuid type %u\n", highest_cpuid, cpuid_type);
  if (highest_cpuid < 0x01) {
      goto out_with_infos;
  }

  eax = 0x01;
  hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
  features[0] = edx;
  features[4] = ecx;

  eax = 0x80000000;
  hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
  highest_ext_cpuid = eax;

  hwloc_debug("highest extended cpuid %x\n", highest_ext_cpuid);

  if (highest_cpuid >= 0x7) {
    eax = 0x7;
    hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
    features[9] = ebx;
  }

  if (cpuid_type != intel && highest_ext_cpuid >= 0x80000001) {
    eax = 0x80000001;
    hwloc_x86_cpuid(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
    features[1] = edx;
    features[6] = ecx;
  }

  hwloc_x86_os_state_save(&os_state);

  ret = look_procs(topology, nbprocs, infos, fulldiscovery,
		   highest_cpuid, highest_ext_cpuid, features, cpuid_type,
		   get_cpubind, set_cpubind);
  if (ret >= 0)
    /* success, we're done */
    goto out_with_os_state;

  if (nbprocs == 1) {
    /* only one processor, no need to bind */
    look_proc(&infos[0], highest_cpuid, highest_ext_cpuid, features, cpuid_type);
    summarize(topology, infos, nbprocs, fulldiscovery);
    ret = fulldiscovery;
  }

out_with_os_state:
  hwloc_x86_os_state_restore(&os_state);

out_with_infos:
  if (NULL != infos) {
      free(infos);
  }

out:
  return ret;
}

static int
hwloc_x86_discover(struct hwloc_backend *backend)
{
  struct hwloc_topology *topology = backend->topology;
  unsigned nbprocs = hwloc_fallback_nbprocessors(topology);
  int alreadypus = 0;
  int ret;

  if (!topology->is_thissystem) {
    hwloc_debug("%s", "\nno x86 detection (not thissystem)\n");
    return 0;
  }

  if (topology->levels[0][0]->cpuset) {
    /* somebody else discovered things */
    if (topology->nb_levels == 2 && topology->level_nbobjects[1] == nbprocs) {
      /* only PUs were discovered, as much as we would, complete the topology with everything else */
      alreadypus = 1;
      goto fulldiscovery;
    }

    /* several object types were added, we can't easily complete, just annotate a bit */
    ret = hwloc_look_x86(topology, nbprocs, 0);
    if (ret)
      hwloc_obj_add_info(topology->levels[0][0], "Backend", "x86");
    return 0;
  } else {
    /* topology is empty, initialize it */
    hwloc_alloc_obj_cpusets(topology->levels[0][0]);
  }

fulldiscovery:
  hwloc_look_x86(topology, nbprocs, 1);
  /* if failed, just continue and create PUs */

  if (!alreadypus)
    hwloc_setup_pu_level(topology, nbprocs);

  hwloc_obj_add_info(topology->levels[0][0], "Backend", "x86");

#ifdef HAVE_UNAME
  hwloc_add_uname_info(topology, NULL); /* we already know is_thissystem() is true */
#else
  /* uname isn't available, manually setup the "Architecture" info */
#ifdef HWLOC_X86_64_ARCH
  hwloc_obj_add_info(topology->levels[0][0], "Architecture", "x86_64");
#else
  hwloc_obj_add_info(topology->levels[0][0], "Architecture", "x86");
#endif
#endif
  return 1;
}

static struct hwloc_backend *
hwloc_x86_component_instantiate(struct hwloc_disc_component *component,
				const void *_data1 __hwloc_attribute_unused,
				const void *_data2 __hwloc_attribute_unused,
				const void *_data3 __hwloc_attribute_unused)
{
  struct hwloc_backend *backend;

  backend = hwloc_backend_alloc(component);
  if (!backend)
    return NULL;
  backend->flags = HWLOC_BACKEND_FLAG_NEED_LEVELS;
  backend->discover = hwloc_x86_discover;
  return backend;
}

static struct hwloc_disc_component hwloc_x86_disc_component = {
  HWLOC_DISC_COMPONENT_TYPE_CPU,
  "x86",
  HWLOC_DISC_COMPONENT_TYPE_GLOBAL,
  hwloc_x86_component_instantiate,
  45, /* between native and no_os */
  NULL
};

const struct hwloc_component hwloc_x86_component = {
  HWLOC_COMPONENT_ABI,
  HWLOC_COMPONENT_TYPE_DISC,
  0,
  &hwloc_x86_disc_component
};
