// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

#include <cassert>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

#include <reader_writer.h>

/*
 * This example describes writing and reading Parquet Files in C++ and serves as a
 * reference to the API.
 * The file contains all the physical data types supported by Parquet.
 * This example uses the RowGroupWriter API that supports writing RowGroups based on a
 * certain size.
 **/

/* Parquet is a structured columnar file format
 * Parquet File = "Parquet data" + "Parquet Metadata"
 * "Parquet data" is simply a vector of RowGroups. Each RowGroup is a batch of rows in a
 * columnar layout
 * "Parquet Metadata" contains the "file schema" and attributes of the RowGroups and their
 * Columns
 * "file schema" is a tree where each node is either a primitive type (leaf nodes) or a
 * complex (nested) type (internal nodes)
 * For specific details, please refer the format here:
 * https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/master/LogicalTypes.md
 **/

constexpr int NUM_ROWS = 2500000;
constexpr int64_t ROW_GROUP_SIZE = 16 * 1024 * 1024;  // 16 MB
const char PARQUET_FILENAME[] = "parquet_cpp_example2.parquet";

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  /**********************************************************************************
                             PARQUET WRITER EXAMPLE
  **********************************************************************************/
  // parquet::REQUIRED fields do not need definition and repetition level values
  // parquet::OPTIONAL fields require only definition level values
  // parquet::REPEATED fields require both definition and repetition level values
  try {
    // Create a local file output stream instance.
    using FileClass = ::arrow::io::FileOutputStream;
    std::shared_ptr<FileClass> out_file;
    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(out_file, FileClass::Open(PARQUET_FILENAME));

    // Setup the parquet schema
    std::shared_ptr<GroupNode> schema = SetupSchema();

    // Add writer properties
    parquet::WriterProperties::Builder builder;
    builder.compression(parquet::Compression::SNAPPY);
    std::shared_ptr<parquet::WriterProperties> props = builder.build();

    // Create a ParquetFileWriter instance
    std::shared_ptr<parquet::ParquetFileWriter> file_writer =
        parquet::ParquetFileWriter::Open(out_file, schema, props);

    // Append a BufferedRowGroup to keep the RowGroup open until a certain size
    parquet::RowGroupWriter* rg_writer = file_writer->AppendBufferedRowGroup();

    int num_columns = file_writer->num_columns();
    std::vector<int64_t> buffered_values_estimate(num_columns, 0);
    for (int i = 0; i < NUM_ROWS; i++) {
      int64_t estimated_bytes = 0;
      // Get the estimated size of the values that are not written to a page yet
      for (int n = 0; n < num_columns; n++) {
        estimated_bytes += buffered_values_estimate[n];
      }

      // We need to consider the compressed pages
      // as well as the values that are not compressed yet
      if ((rg_writer->total_bytes_written() + rg_writer->total_compressed_bytes() +
           estimated_bytes) > ROW_GROUP_SIZE) {
        rg_writer->Close();
        std::fill(buffered_values_estimate.begin(), buffered_values_estimate.end(), 0);
        rg_writer = file_writer->AppendBufferedRowGroup();
      }

      int col_id = 0;
      // Write the Bool column
      parquet::BoolWriter* bool_writer =
          static_cast<parquet::BoolWriter*>(rg_writer->column(col_id));
      bool bool_value = ((i % 2) == 0) ? true : false;
      bool_writer->WriteBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &bool_value);
      buffered_values_estimate[col_id] = bool_writer->EstimatedBufferedValueBytes();

      // Write the Int32 column
      col_id++;
      parquet::Int32Writer* int32_writer =
          static_cast<parquet::Int32Writer*>(rg_writer->column(col_id));
      int32_t int32_value = i;
      int32_writer->WriteBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &int32_value);
      buffered_values_estimate[col_id] = int32_writer->EstimatedBufferedValueBytes();

      // Write the Int64 column. Each row has repeats twice.
      col_id++;
      parquet::Int64Writer* int64_writer =
          static_cast<parquet::Int64Writer*>(rg_writer->column(col_id));
      int64_t int64_value1 = 2 * i;
      int16_t definition_level = 1;
      int16_t repetition_level = 0;
      int64_writer->WriteBatch(1, &definition_level, &repetition_level, &int64_value1);
      int64_t int64_value2 = (2 * i + 1);
      repetition_level = 1;  // start of a new record
      int64_writer->WriteBatch(1, &definition_level, &repetition_level, &int64_value2);
      buffered_values_estimate[col_id] = int64_writer->EstimatedBufferedValueBytes();

      // Write the INT96 column.
      col_id++;
      parquet::Int96Writer* int96_writer =
          static_cast<parquet::Int96Writer*>(rg_writer->column(col_id));
      parquet::Int96 int96_value;
      int96_value.value[0] = i;
      int96_value.value[1] = i + 1;
      int96_value.value[2] = i + 2;
      int96_writer->WriteBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &int96_value);
      buffered_values_estimate[col_id] = int96_writer->EstimatedBufferedValueBytes();

      // Write the Float column
      col_id++;
      parquet::FloatWriter* float_writer =
          static_cast<parquet::FloatWriter*>(rg_writer->column(col_id));
      float float_value = static_cast<float>(i) * 1.1f;
      float_writer->WriteBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &float_value);
      buffered_values_estimate[col_id] = float_writer->EstimatedBufferedValueBytes();

      // Write the Double column
      col_id++;
      parquet::DoubleWriter* double_writer =
          static_cast<parquet::DoubleWriter*>(rg_writer->column(col_id));
      double double_value = i * 1.1111111;
      double_writer->WriteBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &double_value);
      buffered_values_estimate[col_id] = double_writer->EstimatedBufferedValueBytes();

      // Write the ByteArray column. Make every alternate values NULL
      col_id++;
      parquet::ByteArrayWriter* ba_writer =
          static_cast<parquet::ByteArrayWriter*>(rg_writer->column(col_id));
      parquet::ByteArray ba_value;
      char hello[FIXED_LENGTH] = "parquet";
      hello[7] = static_cast<char>(static_cast<int>('0') + i / 100);
      hello[8] = static_cast<char>(static_cast<int>('0') + (i / 10) % 10);
      hello[9] = static_cast<char>(static_cast<int>('0') + i % 10);
      if (i % 2 == 0) {
        int16_t definition_level = 1;
        ba_value.ptr = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&hello[0]);
        ba_value.len = FIXED_LENGTH;
        ba_writer->WriteBatch(1, &definition_level, nullptr, &ba_value);
      } else {
        int16_t definition_level = 0;
        ba_writer->WriteBatch(1, &definition_level, nullptr, nullptr);
      }
      buffered_values_estimate[col_id] = ba_writer->EstimatedBufferedValueBytes();

      // Write the FixedLengthByteArray column
      col_id++;
      parquet::FixedLenByteArrayWriter* flba_writer =
          static_cast<parquet::FixedLenByteArrayWriter*>(rg_writer->column(col_id));
      parquet::FixedLenByteArray flba_value;
      char v = static_cast<char>(i);
      char flba[FIXED_LENGTH] = {v, v, v, v, v, v, v, v, v, v};
      flba_value.ptr = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&flba[0]);

      flba_writer->WriteBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &flba_value);
      buffered_values_estimate[col_id] = flba_writer->EstimatedBufferedValueBytes();
    }

    // Close the RowGroupWriter
    rg_writer->Close();
    // Close the ParquetFileWriter
    file_writer->Close();

    // Write the bytes to file
    DCHECK(out_file->Close().ok());
  } catch (const std::exception& e) {
    std::cerr << "Parquet write error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    return -1;
  }

  /**********************************************************************************
                             PARQUET READER EXAMPLE
  **********************************************************************************/

  try {
    // Create a ParquetReader instance
    std::unique_ptr<parquet::ParquetFileReader> parquet_reader =
        parquet::ParquetFileReader::OpenFile(PARQUET_FILENAME, false);

    // Get the File MetaData
    std::shared_ptr<parquet::FileMetaData> file_metadata = parquet_reader->metadata();

    int num_row_groups = file_metadata->num_row_groups();

    // Get the number of Columns
    int num_columns = file_metadata->num_columns();
    assert(num_columns == 8);

    std::vector<int> col_row_counts(num_columns, 0);

    // Iterate over all the RowGroups in the file
    for (int r = 0; r < num_row_groups; ++r) {
      // Get the RowGroup Reader
      std::shared_ptr<parquet::RowGroupReader> row_group_reader =
          parquet_reader->RowGroup(r);

      assert(row_group_reader->metadata()->total_byte_size() < ROW_GROUP_SIZE);

      int64_t values_read = 0;
      int64_t rows_read = 0;
      int16_t definition_level;
      int16_t repetition_level;
      std::shared_ptr<parquet::ColumnReader> column_reader;
      int col_id = 0;

      ARROW_UNUSED(rows_read); // prevent warning in release build

      // Get the Column Reader for the boolean column
      column_reader = row_group_reader->Column(col_id);
      parquet::BoolReader* bool_reader =
          static_cast<parquet::BoolReader*>(column_reader.get());

      // Read all the rows in the column
      while (bool_reader->HasNext()) {
        bool value;
        // Read one value at a time. The number of rows read is returned. values_read
        // contains the number of non-null rows
        rows_read = bool_reader->ReadBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &value, &values_read);
        // Ensure only one value is read
        assert(rows_read == 1);
        // There are no NULL values in the rows written
        assert(values_read == 1);
        // Verify the value written
        bool expected_value = ((col_row_counts[col_id] % 2) == 0) ? true : false;
        assert(value == expected_value);
        col_row_counts[col_id]++;
      }

      // Get the Column Reader for the Int32 column
      col_id++;
      column_reader = row_group_reader->Column(col_id);
      parquet::Int32Reader* int32_reader =
          static_cast<parquet::Int32Reader*>(column_reader.get());
      // Read all the rows in the column
      while (int32_reader->HasNext()) {
        int32_t value;
        // Read one value at a time. The number of rows read is returned. values_read
        // contains the number of non-null rows
        rows_read = int32_reader->ReadBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &value, &values_read);
        // Ensure only one value is read
        assert(rows_read == 1);
        // There are no NULL values in the rows written
        assert(values_read == 1);
        // Verify the value written
        assert(value == col_row_counts[col_id]);
        col_row_counts[col_id]++;
      }

      // Get the Column Reader for the Int64 column
      col_id++;
      column_reader = row_group_reader->Column(col_id);
      parquet::Int64Reader* int64_reader =
          static_cast<parquet::Int64Reader*>(column_reader.get());
      // Read all the rows in the column
      while (int64_reader->HasNext()) {
        int64_t value;
        // Read one value at a time. The number of rows read is returned. values_read
        // contains the number of non-null rows
        rows_read = int64_reader->ReadBatch(1, &definition_level, &repetition_level,
                                            &value, &values_read);
        // Ensure only one value is read
        assert(rows_read == 1);
        // There are no NULL values in the rows written
        assert(values_read == 1);
        // Verify the value written
        int64_t expected_value = col_row_counts[col_id];
        assert(value == expected_value);
        if ((col_row_counts[col_id] % 2) == 0) {
          assert(repetition_level == 0);
        } else {
          assert(repetition_level == 1);
        }
        col_row_counts[col_id]++;
      }

      // Get the Column Reader for the Int96 column
      col_id++;
      column_reader = row_group_reader->Column(col_id);
      parquet::Int96Reader* int96_reader =
          static_cast<parquet::Int96Reader*>(column_reader.get());
      // Read all the rows in the column
      while (int96_reader->HasNext()) {
        parquet::Int96 value;
        // Read one value at a time. The number of rows read is returned. values_read
        // contains the number of non-null rows
        rows_read = int96_reader->ReadBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &value, &values_read);
        // Ensure only one value is read
        assert(rows_read == 1);
        // There are no NULL values in the rows written
        assert(values_read == 1);
        // Verify the value written
        parquet::Int96 expected_value;
        ARROW_UNUSED(expected_value); // prevent warning in release build
        expected_value.value[0] = col_row_counts[col_id];
        expected_value.value[1] = col_row_counts[col_id] + 1;
        expected_value.value[2] = col_row_counts[col_id] + 2;
        for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
          assert(value.value[j] == expected_value.value[j]);
        }
        col_row_counts[col_id]++;
      }

      // Get the Column Reader for the Float column
      col_id++;
      column_reader = row_group_reader->Column(col_id);
      parquet::FloatReader* float_reader =
          static_cast<parquet::FloatReader*>(column_reader.get());
      // Read all the rows in the column
      while (float_reader->HasNext()) {
        float value;
        // Read one value at a time. The number of rows read is returned. values_read
        // contains the number of non-null rows
        rows_read = float_reader->ReadBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &value, &values_read);
        // Ensure only one value is read
        assert(rows_read == 1);
        // There are no NULL values in the rows written
        assert(values_read == 1);
        // Verify the value written
        float expected_value = static_cast<float>(col_row_counts[col_id]) * 1.1f;
        assert(value == expected_value);
        col_row_counts[col_id]++;
      }

      // Get the Column Reader for the Double column
      col_id++;
      column_reader = row_group_reader->Column(col_id);
      parquet::DoubleReader* double_reader =
          static_cast<parquet::DoubleReader*>(column_reader.get());
      // Read all the rows in the column
      while (double_reader->HasNext()) {
        double value;
        // Read one value at a time. The number of rows read is returned. values_read
        // contains the number of non-null rows
        rows_read = double_reader->ReadBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &value, &values_read);
        // Ensure only one value is read
        assert(rows_read == 1);
        // There are no NULL values in the rows written
        assert(values_read == 1);
        // Verify the value written
        double expected_value = col_row_counts[col_id] * 1.1111111;
        assert(value == expected_value);
        col_row_counts[col_id]++;
      }

      // Get the Column Reader for the ByteArray column
      col_id++;
      column_reader = row_group_reader->Column(col_id);
      parquet::ByteArrayReader* ba_reader =
          static_cast<parquet::ByteArrayReader*>(column_reader.get());
      // Read all the rows in the column
      while (ba_reader->HasNext()) {
        parquet::ByteArray value;
        // Read one value at a time. The number of rows read is returned. values_read
        // contains the number of non-null rows
        rows_read =
            ba_reader->ReadBatch(1, &definition_level, nullptr, &value, &values_read);
        // Ensure only one value is read
        assert(rows_read == 1);
        // Verify the value written
        char expected_value[FIXED_LENGTH] = "parquet";
        ARROW_UNUSED(expected_value); // prevent warning in release build
        expected_value[7] = static_cast<char>('0' + col_row_counts[col_id] / 100);
        expected_value[8] = static_cast<char>('0' + (col_row_counts[col_id] / 10) % 10);
        expected_value[9] = static_cast<char>('0' + col_row_counts[col_id] % 10);
        if (col_row_counts[col_id] % 2 == 0) {  // only alternate values exist
          // There are no NULL values in the rows written
          assert(values_read == 1);
          assert(value.len == FIXED_LENGTH);
          assert(memcmp(value.ptr, &expected_value[0], FIXED_LENGTH) == 0);
          assert(definition_level == 1);
        } else {
          // There are NULL values in the rows written
          assert(values_read == 0);
          assert(definition_level == 0);
        }
        col_row_counts[col_id]++;
      }

      // Get the Column Reader for the FixedLengthByteArray column
      col_id++;
      column_reader = row_group_reader->Column(col_id);
      parquet::FixedLenByteArrayReader* flba_reader =
          static_cast<parquet::FixedLenByteArrayReader*>(column_reader.get());
      // Read all the rows in the column
      while (flba_reader->HasNext()) {
        parquet::FixedLenByteArray value;
        // Read one value at a time. The number of rows read is returned. values_read
        // contains the number of non-null rows
        rows_read = flba_reader->ReadBatch(1, nullptr, nullptr, &value, &values_read);
        // Ensure only one value is read
        assert(rows_read == 1);
        // There are no NULL values in the rows written
        assert(values_read == 1);
        // Verify the value written
        char v = static_cast<char>(col_row_counts[col_id]);
        char expected_value[FIXED_LENGTH] = {v, v, v, v, v, v, v, v, v, v};
        assert(memcmp(value.ptr, &expected_value[0], FIXED_LENGTH) == 0);
        col_row_counts[col_id]++;
      }
    }
  } catch (const std::exception& e) {
    std::cerr << "Parquet read error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    return -1;
  }

  std::cout << "Parquet Writing and Reading Complete" << std::endl;

  return 0;
}
