git-show(1)

# git-show(1) Manual Page

## NAME

git-show - Show various types of objects

## SYNOPSIS

    git show [options] <object>…

## DESCRIPTION

Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits).

For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also presents the merge commit in a special format as produced by git diff-tree --cc.

For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects.

For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to git ls-tree with --name-only).

For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents.

The command takes options applicable to the git diff-tree command to control how the changes the commit introduces are shown.

This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.

## OPTIONS

<object>…

  The names of objects to show. For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitrevisions(7).

--pretty[=<format>]
--format=<format>

  Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format, where <format> can be one of oneline, short, medium, full, fuller, email, raw and format:<string>. See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each format. When omitted, the format defaults to medium.

  Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository configuration (see git-config(1)).

--abbrev-commit

  Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name, show only a partial prefix. Non default number of digits can be specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies diff output, if it is displayed).

  This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for people using 80-column terminals.

--no-abbrev-commit

  Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates `--abbrev-commit` and those options which imply it such as "--oneline". It also overrides the log.abbrevCommit variable.

--oneline

  This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit" used together.

--encoding[=<encoding>]

  The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF-8.

--notes[=<ref>]

  Show the notes (see git-notes(1)) that annotate the commit, when showing the commit log message. This is the default for `git log`, `git show` and `git whatchanged` commands when there is no `--pretty`, `--format` nor `--oneline` option given on the command line.

  By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the core.notesRef and notes.displayRef variables (or corresponding environment overrides). See git-config(1) for more details.

  With an optional <ref> argument, show this notes ref instead of the default notes ref(s). The ref is taken to be in `refs/notes/` if it is not qualified.

  Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are being displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from "refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo --notes" will show both notes from "refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).

--no-notes

  Do not show notes. This negates the above `--notes` option, by resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are shown. Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e.g. "--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes from "refs/notes/bar".

--show-notes[=<ref>]
--[no-]standard-notes

  These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes options instead.

--show-signature

  Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature to `gpg --verify` and show the output.

## PRETTY FORMATS

If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline, email or raw, an additional line is inserted before the Author: line. This line begins with "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested in changes related to a certain directory or file.

There are several built-in formats, and you can define additional formats by setting a pretty.<name> config option to either another format name, or a format: string, as described below (see git-config(1)). Here are the details of the built-in formats:

- oneline

      <sha1> <title line>

  This is designed to be as compact as possible.

- short

      commit <sha1>
      Author: <author>

      <title line>

- medium

      commit <sha1>
      Author: <author>
      Date:   <author date>

      <title line>

      <full commit message>

- full

      commit <sha1>
      Author: <author>
      Commit: <committer>

      <title line>

      <full commit message>

- fuller

      commit <sha1>
      Author:     <author>
      AuthorDate: <author date>
      Commit:     <committer>
      CommitDate: <committer date>

      <title line>

      <full commit message>

- email

      From <sha1> <date>
      From: <author>
      Date: <author date>
      Subject: [PATCH] <title line>

      <full commit message>

- raw

  The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA-1s are displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and parents information show the true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history simplification into account.

- format:<string>

  The format:<string> format allows you to specify which information you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable exception that you get a newline with %n instead of \n.

  E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n" would show something like this:

      The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
      The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<

  The placeholders are:

  - %H: commit hash

  - %h: abbreviated commit hash

  - %T: tree hash

  - %t: abbreviated tree hash

  - %P: parent hashes

  - %p: abbreviated parent hashes

  - %an: author name

  - %aN: author name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

  - %ae: author email

  - %aE: author email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

  - %ad: author date (format respects --date= option)

  - %aD: author date, RFC2822 style

  - %ar: author date, relative

  - %at: author date, UNIX timestamp

  - %ai: author date, ISO 8601 format

  - %cn: committer name

  - %cN: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

  - %ce: committer email

  - %cE: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

  - %cd: committer date

  - %cD: committer date, RFC2822 style

  - %cr: committer date, relative

  - %ct: committer date, UNIX timestamp

  - %ci: committer date, ISO 8601 format

  - %d: ref names, like the --decorate option of git-log(1)

  - %e: encoding

  - %s: subject

  - %f: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename

  - %b: body

  - %B: raw body (unwrapped subject and body)

  - %N: commit notes

  - %GG: raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit

  - %G?: show "G" for a Good signature, "B" for a Bad signature, "U" for a good, untrusted signature and "N" for no signature

  - %GS: show the name of the signer for a signed commit

  - %GK: show the key used to sign a signed commit

  - %gD: reflog selector, e.g., `refs/stash@{1}`

  - %gd: shortened reflog selector, e.g., `stash@{1}`

  - %gn: reflog identity name

  - %gN: reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

  - %ge: reflog identity email

  - %gE: reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

  - %gs: reflog subject

  - %Cred: switch color to red

  - %Cgreen: switch color to green

  - %Cblue: switch color to blue

  - %Creset: reset color

  - %C(…): color specification, as described in color.branch.* config option; adding `auto,` at the beginning will emit color only when colors are enabled for log output (by `color.diff`, `color.ui`, or `--color`, and respecting the `auto` settings of the former if we are going to a terminal). `auto` alone (i.e. `%C(auto)`) will turn on auto coloring on the next placeholders until the color is switched again.

  - %m: left, right or boundary mark

  - %n: newline

  - %%: a raw %

  - %x00: print a byte from a hex code

  - %w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]]): switch line wrapping, like the -w option of git-shortlog(1).

  - %<(<N>[,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc]): make the next placeholder take at least N columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary. Optionally truncate at the beginning (ltrunc), the middle (mtrunc) or the end (trunc) if the output is longer than N columns. Note that truncating only works correctly with N >= 2.

  - %<|(<N>): make the next placeholder take at least until Nth columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary

  - %>(<N>), %>|(<N>): similar to %<(<N>), %<|(<N>) respectively, but padding spaces on the left

  - %>>(<N>), %>>|(<N>): similar to %>(<N>), %>|(<N>) respectively, except that if the next placeholder takes more spaces than given and there are spaces on its left, use those spaces

  - %><(<N>), %><|(<N>): similar to % <(<N>), %<|(<N>) respectively, but padding both sides (i.e. the text is centered)

Note | Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision traversal engine. For example, the `%g*` reflog options will insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by `git log -g`). The `%d` placeholder will use the "short" decoration format if `--decorate` was not already provided on the command line.

If you add a `+` (plus sign) after % of a placeholder, a line-feed is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the placeholder expands to a non-empty string.

If you add a `-` (minus sign) after % of a placeholder, line-feeds that immediately precede the expansion are deleted if and only if the placeholder expands to an empty string.

If you add a ` ` (space) after % of a placeholder, a space is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the placeholder expands to a non-empty string.

- tformat:

  The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries. This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does. For example:

      $ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
        | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
      4da45be
      7134973 -- NO NEWLINE

      $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
        | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
      4da45be
      7134973

  In addition, any unrecognized string that has a `%` in it is interpreted as if it has `tformat:` in front of it. For example, these two are equivalent:

      $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
      $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef

## EXAMPLES

`git show v1.0.0`

  Shows the tag `v1.0.0`, along with the object the tags points at.

`git show v1.0.0^{tree}`

  Shows the tree pointed to by the tag `v1.0.0`.

`git show -s --format=%s v1.0.0^{commit}`

  Shows the subject of the commit pointed to by the tag `v1.0.0`.

`git show next~10:Documentation/README`

  Shows the contents of the file `Documentation/README` as they were current in the 10th last commit of the branch `next`.

`git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile`

  Concatenates the contents of said Makefiles in the head of the branch `master`.

## Discussion

At the core level, Git is character encoding agnostic.

- The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes. What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared with the data Git keeps track of, which in turn are expected to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such thing as pathname encoding translation.

- The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level.

- The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.

Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in mind.

1. git commit and git commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to have i18n.commitencoding in `.git/config` file, like this:

       [i18n]
               commitencoding = ISO-8859-1

   Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of `i18n.commitencoding` in its `encoding` header. This is to help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.

2. git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the `encoding` header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired output encoding with `i18n.logoutputencoding` in `.git/config` file, like this:

       [i18n]
               logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1

   If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of `i18n.commitencoding` is used instead.

Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.

## GIT

Part of the git(1) suite