The rsyslog config data model — rsyslog 8.24.0 documentation

# The rsyslog config data model

This document describes the config data model on a high layer. For details, it is suggested to review the actual source code. The aim of this document is to provide general understanding for both rsyslog developers as well as developers writing config management systems.

# Objects

Most config objects life in a flat space and are global to rsyslog. However, actual rule processing is done via a script-like language. These config scripts need to be represented via a tree structure.

Note that the language as currently implemented is Turing-complete if the user makes use of very tricky constructs. It was never our intention to provide a Turing-complete language and we will probably try to disable these tricks in the future. However, this is not a priority for us, as these users get what they deserve. For someone involved with the config, it probably is sufficient to know that loops are not supported by the config language (even though you can create loop-like structures). Thus, a tree is fully sufficient to represent any configuration.

In the following sections, we’ll quickly describe variables/properties, flat structure elements and the execution tree.

## Variables/Properties

Rsyslog supports

- traditional syslog (RFC-based) message properties
- structured data content, including any non-syslog properties
- Variables
  - global
  - local
  - message-enhancing (like message properties)

A description of these properties and variables is available elsewhere. As far as a config processor is concerned, the important thing to know is that they be used during template definitions and script operations.

## Flat Elements

### Global Parameters

This element must contain all global parameters settable by rsyslog. This includes elements from the global() as well as main_queue() config statements. As of this writing, some global parameter can only be set by legacy statements.

Note that main_queue() actually is a full queue defintion.

### Modules

This contains all loaded modules, among others:

- input modules
- output modules
- message modification modules
- message parsers

Note that for historical reasons some output modules are directly linked into rsyslog and must not be specified.

Each module must be given only once. The data object must contain all module-global parameters.

### Inputs

Describes all defined inputs with their parameters. Is build from the input() statement or its legacy equivalent (ugly). Contains links to

- module used for input
- ruleset used for processing

### Rulesets

They contain the tree-like execution structure. However, rulesets itself are flat and cannot be nested. Note that there exists statements that permit rulesets to call into each other, but all rulesets are in the same flat top-level space.

Note that a ruleset has an associated queue object. In most cases, it needs not to be configured as a real queue (not one in direct mode) is only required in special cases.

## Hierarchical Elements

These are used for rule exection. They are somewhat hard to fit into a traditional config scheme, as they provide full tree-like branching structure.

Basically, a tree consists of statements and evaluations. Consider the ruleset to be the root of the execution tree. It is rather common that the tree’s main level is a long linked list, with only actions being branched out. This, for example, happens with a traditional rsyslog.conf setting, which only contains files to be written based on some priority filters. However, one must not be tricked into thinking that this basic case is sufficient to support as enterprise users typically create far more complex cases.

In essence, rsyslog walks the tree, and executes statements while it does so. Usually, a filter needs to be evaluated and execution branches based on the filter outcome. The tree actually is an AST.

### Execution Statements

These are most easy to implement as they are end nodes (and as such nothing can be nested under them). They are most importantly created by the action() config object, but also with statements like “set” and “unset”. Note that “call” is also considered a terminal node, even though it executes another ruleset.

Note that actions have associated queues, so a queue object and its parameter need to be present. When building configurations interactively, it is suggested that the default is either not to configure queue parameters by default or to do this only for actions where it makes sense (e.g. connection to remote systems which may go offline).

### Expression Evaluation

A full expression evaluation engine is available who does the typical programming-language type of expression processing. The usual mathematical, boolean and string operations are supported, as well as functions. As of this writing, functions are hardcoded into rsyslog but may in the future be part of a loadable module. Evaluations can access all rsyslog properties and variables. They may be nested arbitrarily deep.

### Control-of-Flow Statements

Remember that rsyslog does intentionally not support loop statements. So control-of-flow boils down to

- conditional statements
  - “if ... then ... else ...”
  - syslog PRI-based filters
  - property-based filters
- stop

Where “stop” terminates processing of this message. The conditional statements contain subbranches, where “if” contains both “then” and “else” subbranches and the other two only the “then” subranch (Note: inside the execution engine, the others may also have “else” branches, but these are result of the rsyslog config optimizer run and cannot configured by the user).

When executing a config script, rsyslog executes the subbranch in question and then continues to evaluate the next statement in the currently executing branch that contained the conditional statement. If there is no next statement, it goes up one layer. This is continued until the last statement of the root statement list is reached. At that point execution of the message is terminated and the message object destructed. Again, think AST, as this is exactly what it is.

## Note on Queue Objects

Queue objects are not named objects inside the rsyslog configuration. So their data is always contained with the object that uses the queue (action(), ruleset(), main_queue()). From a UI perspective, this unfortunately tends to complicate a config builder a bit.