=================

Kexec/Kdump HOWTO

=================

Introduction

============

Kexec and kdump are new features in the 2.6 mainstream kernel. These features

are included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5. The purpose of these features

is to ensure faster boot up and creation of reliable kernel vmcores for

diagnostic purposes.

Overview

========

Kexec

-----

Kexec is a fastboot mechanism which allows booting a Linux kernel from the

context of already running kernel without going through BIOS. BIOS can be very

time consuming especially on the big servers with lots of peripherals. This can

save a lot of time for developers who end up booting a machine numerous times.

Kdump

-----

Kdump is a new kernel crash dumping mechanism and is very reliable because

the crash dump is captured from the context of a freshly booted kernel and

not from the context of the crashed kernel. Kdump uses kexec to boot into

a second kernel whenever system crashes. This second kernel, often called

a capture kernel, boots with very little memory and captures the dump image.

The first kernel reserves a section of memory that the second kernel uses

to boot. Kexec enables booting the capture kernel without going through BIOS

hence contents of first kernel's memory are preserved, which is essentially

the kernel crash dump.

Kdump is supported on the i686, x86_64, ia64 and ppc64 platforms. The

standard kernel and capture kernel are one in the same on i686, x86_64,

ia64 and ppc64.

If you're reading this document, you should already have kexec-tools

installed. If not, you install it via the following command:

    # yum install kexec-tools

Now load a kernel with kexec:

    # kver=`uname -r` # kexec -l /boot/vmlinuz-$kver

    --initrd=/boot/initrd-$kver.img \

        --command-line="`cat /proc/cmdline`"

NOTE: The above will boot you back into the kernel you're currently running,

if you want to load a different kernel, substitute it in place of `uname -r`.

Now reboot your system, taking note that it should bypass the BIOS:

    # reboot

How to configure kdump

======================

Again, we assume if you're reading this document, you should already have

kexec-tools installed. If not, you install it via the following command:

    # yum install kexec-tools

To be able to do much of anything interesting in the way of debug analysis,

you'll also need to install the kernel-debuginfo package, of the same arch

as your running kernel, and the crash utility:

    # yum --enablerepo=\*debuginfo install kernel-debuginfo.$(uname -m) crash

Next up, we need to modify some boot parameters to reserve a chunk of memory for

the capture kernel. With the help of grubby, it's very easy to append

"crashkernel=128M" to the end of your kernel boot parameters. Note that the X

values are such that X = the amount of memory to reserve for the capture kernel.

And based on arch and system configuration, one might require more than 128M to

be reserved for kdump. One need to experiment and test kdump, if 128M is not

sufficient, try reserving more memory.

   # grubby --args="crashkernel=128M" --update-kernel=/boot/vmlinuz-`uname -r`

Note that there is an alternative form in which to specify a crashkernel

memory reservation, in the event that more control is needed over the size and

placement of the reserved memory.  The format is:

crashkernel=range1:size1[,range2:size2,...][@offset]

Where range<n> specifies a range of values that are matched against the amount

of physical RAM present in the system, and the corresponding size<n> value

specifies the amount of kexec memory to reserve.  For example:

crashkernel=512M-2G:64M,2G-:128M

This line tells kexec to reserve 64M of ram if the system contains between

512M and 2G of physical memory.  If the system contains 2G or more of physical

memory, 128M should be reserved.

Besides, since kdump needs to access /proc/kallsyms during a kernel

loading if KASLR is enabled, check /proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict to

make sure that the content of /proc/kallsyms is exposed correctly.

We recommend to set the value of kptr_restrict to '1'. Otherwise

capture kernel loading could fail.

After making said changes, reboot your system, so that the X MB of memory is

left untouched by the normal system, reserved for the capture kernel. Take note

that the output of 'free -m' will show X MB less memory than without this

parameter, which is expected. You may be able to get by with less than 128M, but

testing with only 64M has proven unreliable of late. On ia64, as much as 512M

may be required.

Now that you've got that reserved memory region set up, you want to turn on

the kdump init script:

    # chkconfig kdump on

Then, start up kdump as well:

    # systemctl start kdump.service

This should load your kernel-kdump image via kexec, leaving the system ready

to capture a vmcore upon crashing. To test this out, you can force-crash

your system by echo'ing a c into /proc/sysrq-trigger:

    # echo c > /proc/sysrq-trigger

You should see some panic output, followed by the system restarting into

the kdump kernel. When the boot process gets to the point where it starts

the kdump service, your vmcore should be copied out to disk (by default,

in /var/crash/<YYYY-MM-DD-HH:MM>/vmcore), then the system rebooted back into

your normal kernel.

Once back to your normal kernel, you can use the previously installed crash

kernel in conjunction with the previously installed kernel-debuginfo to

perform postmortem analysis:

    # crash /usr/lib/debug/lib/modules/2.6.17-1.2621.el5/vmlinux

    /var/crash/2006-08-23-15:34/vmcore

    crash> bt

and so on...

Notes on kdump

==============

When kdump starts, the kdump kernel is loaded together with the kdump

initramfs. To save memory usage and disk space, the kdump initramfs is

generated strictly against the system it will run on, and contains the

minimum set of kernel modules and utilities to boot the machine to a stage

where the dump target could be mounted.

With kdump service enabled, kdumpctl will try to detect possible system

change and rebuild the kdump initramfs if needed. But it can not guarantee

to cover every possible case. So after a hardware change, disk migration,

storage setup update or any similar system level changes, it's highly

recommended to rebuild the initramfs manually with following command:

    # kdumpctl rebuild

Saving vmcore-dmesg.txt

=======================

Kernel log bufferes are one of the most important information available

in vmcore. Now before saving vmcore, kernel log bufferes are extracted

from /proc/vmcore and saved into a file vmcore-dmesg.txt. After

vmcore-dmesg.txt, vmcore is saved. Destination disk and directory for

vmcore-dmesg.txt is same as vmcore. Note that kernel log buffers will

not be available if dump target is raw device.

Dump Triggering methods

=======================

This section talks about the various ways, other than a Kernel Panic, in which

Kdump can be triggered. The following methods assume that Kdump is configured

on your system, with the scripts enabled as described in the section above.

1) AltSysRq C

Kdump can be triggered with the combination of the 'Alt','SysRq' and 'C'

keyboard keys. Please refer to the following link for more details:

https://access.redhat.com/solutions/2023

In addition, on PowerPC boxes, Kdump can also be triggered via Hardware

Management Console(HMC) using 'Ctrl', 'O' and 'C' keyboard keys.

2) NMI_WATCHDOG

In case a machine has a hard hang, it is quite possible that it does not

respond to keyboard interrupts. As a result 'Alt-SysRq' keys will not help

trigger a dump. In such scenarios Nmi Watchdog feature can prove to be useful.

The following link has more details on configuring Nmi watchdog option.

https://access.redhat.com/solutions/125103

Once this feature has been enabled in the kernel, any lockups will result in an

OOPs message to be generated, followed by Kdump being triggered.

3) Kernel OOPs

If we want to generate a dump everytime the Kernel OOPses, we can achieve this

by setting the 'Panic On OOPs' option as follows:

    # echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_oops

This is enabled by default on RHEL5.

4) NMI(Non maskable interrupt) button

In cases where the system is in a hung state, and is not accepting keyboard

interrupts, using NMI button for triggering Kdump can be very useful. NMI

button is present on most of the newer x86 and x86_64 machines. Please refer

to the User guides/manuals to locate the button, though in most occasions it

is not very well documented. In most cases it is hidden behind a small hole

on the front or back panel of the machine. You could use a toothpick or some

other non-conducting probe to press the button.

For example, on the IBM X series 366 machine, the NMI button is located behind

a small hole on the bottom center of the rear panel.

To enable this method of dump triggering using NMI button, you will need to set

the 'unknown_nmi_panic' option as follows:

   # echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/unknown_nmi_panic

5) PowerPC specific methods:

On IBM PowerPC machines, issuing a soft reset invokes the XMON debugger(if

XMON is configured). To configure XMON one needs to compile the kernel with

the CONFIG_XMON and CONFIG_XMON_DEFAULT options, or by compiling with

CONFIG_XMON and booting the kernel with xmon=on option.

Following are the ways to remotely issue a soft reset on PowerPC boxes, which

would drop you to XMON. Pressing a 'X' (capital alphabet X) followed by an

'Enter' here will trigger the dump.

5.1) HMC

Hardware Management Console(HMC) available on Power4 and Power5 machines allow

partitions to be reset remotely. This is specially useful in hang situations

where the system is not accepting any keyboard inputs.

Once you have HMC configured, the following steps will enable you to trigger

Kdump via a soft reset:

On Power4

  Using GUI

    * In the right pane, right click on the partition you wish to dump.

    * Select "Operating System->Reset".

    * Select "Soft Reset".

    * Select "Yes".

  Using HMC Commandline

    # reset_partition -m <machine> -p <partition> -t soft

On Power5

  Using GUI

    * In the right pane, right click on the partition you wish to dump.

    * Select "Restart Partition".

    * Select "Dump".

    * Select "OK".

  Using HMC Commandline

    # chsysstate -m <managed system name> -n <lpar name> -o dumprestart -r lpar

5.2) Blade Management Console for Blade Center

To initiate a dump operation, go to Power/Restart option under "Blade Tasks" in

the Blade Management Console. Select the corresponding blade for which you want

to initate the dump and then click "Restart blade with NMI". This issues a

system reset and invokes xmon debugger.

Dump targets

============

In addition to being able to capture a vmcore to your system's local file

system, kdump can be configured to capture a vmcore to a number of other

locations, including a raw disk partition, a dedicated file system, an NFS

mounted file system, or a remote system via ssh/scp. Additional options

exist for specifying the relative path under which the dump is captured,

what to do if the capture fails, and for compressing and filtering the dump

(so as to produce smaller, more manageable, vmcore files, see "Advanced Setups"

for more detail on these options).

In theory, dumping to a location other than the local file system should be

safer than kdump's default setup, as its possible the default setup will try

dumping to a file system that has become corrupted. The raw disk partition and

dedicated file system options allow you to still dump to the local system,

but without having to remount your possibly corrupted file system(s),

thereby decreasing the chance a vmcore won't be captured. Dumping to an

NFS server or remote system via ssh/scp also has this advantage, as well

as allowing for the centralization of vmcore files, should you have several

systems from which you'd like to obtain vmcore files. Of course, note that

these configurations could present problems if your network is unreliable.

Kdump target and advanced setups are configured via modifications to

/etc/kdump.conf, which out of the box, is fairly well documented itself.

Any alterations to /etc/kdump.conf should be followed by a restart of the

kdump service, so the changes can be incorporated in the kdump initrd.

Restarting the kdump service is as simple as '/sbin/systemctl restart kdump.service'.

There are two ways to config the dump target, config dump target only

using "path", and config dump target explicitly. Interpretation of "path"

also differs in two config styles.

Config dump target only using "path"

------------------------------------

You can change the dump target by setting "path" to a mount point where

dump target is mounted. When there is no explicitly configured dump target,

"path" in kdump.conf represents the current file system path in which vmcore

will be saved.  Kdump will automatically detect the underlying device of

"path" and use that as the dump target.

In fact, upon dump, kdump creates a directory $hostip-$date with-in "path"

and saves vmcore there. So practically dump is saved in $path/$hostip-$date/.

Kdump will only check current mount status for mount entry corresponding to

"path". So please ensure the dump target is mounted on "path" before kdump

service starts.

NOTES:

- It's strongly recommanded to put an mount entry for "path" in /etc/fstab

  and have it auto mounted on boot. This make sure the dump target is

  reachable from the machine and kdump's configuration is stable.

EXAMPLES:

- path /var/crash/

  This is the default configuration. Assuming there is no disk mounted

  on /var/ or on /var/crash, dump will be saved on disk backing rootfs

  in directory /var/crash.

- path /var/crash/ (A separate disk mounted on /var/crash)

  Say a disk /dev/sdb is mounted on /var. In this case dump target will

  become /dev/sdb and path will become "/" and dump will be saved

  on "sdb:/var/crash/" directory.

- path /var/crash/ (NFS mounted on /var)

  Say foo.com:/export/tmp is mounted on /var. In this case dump target is

  nfs server and path will be adjusted to "/crash" and dump will be saved to

  foo.com:/export/tmp/crash/ directory.

Config dump target explicitely

------------------------------

You can set the dump target explicitly in kdump.conf, and "path" will be

the relative path in the specified dump target. For example, if dump

target is "ext4 /dev/sda", then dump will be saved in "path" directory

on /dev/sda.

Same is the case for nfs dump. If user specified "nfs foo.com:/export/tmp/"

as dump target, then dump will effectively be saved in

"foo.com:/export/tmp/var/crash/" directory.

If the dump target is "raw", then "path" is ignored.

If it's a filesystem target, kdump will need to know the right mount option.

Kdump will check current mount status, and then /etc/fstab for mount options

corresponding to the specified dump target and use it. If there are

special mount option required for the dump target, it could be set by put

an entry in fstab.

If there are no related mount entry, mount option is set to "defaults".

NOTES:

- It's recommended to put an entry for the dump target in /etc/fstab

  and have it auto mounted on boot. This make sure the dump target is

  reachable from the machine and kdump won't fail.

- Kdump ignores some mount options, including "noauto", "ro". This

  make it possible to keep the dump target unmounted or read-only

  when not used.

EXAMPLES:

- ext4 /dev/sda (mounted)

  path /var/crash/

  In this case dump target is set to /dev/sdb, path is the absolute path

  "/var/crash" in /dev/sda, vmcore path will saved on

  "sda:/var/crash" directory.

- nfs foo.com:/export/tmp (mounted)

  path /var/crash/

  In this case dump target is nfs server, path is the absolute path

  "/var/crash", vmcore path will saved on "foo.com:/export/tmp/crash/" directory.

- nfs foo.com:/export/tmp (not mounted)

  path /var/crash/

  Same with above case, kdump will use "defaults" as the mount option

  for the dump target.

- nfs foo.com:/export/tmp (not mounted, entry with option "noauto,nolock" exists in /etc/fstab)

  path /var/crash/

  In this case dump target is nfs server, vmcore path will saved on

  "foo.com:/export/tmp/crash/" directory, and kdump will inherit "nolock" option.

Dump target and mkdumprd

------------------------

MKdumprd is the tool used to create kdump initramfs, and it may change

the mount status of the dump target in some condition.

Usually the dump target should be used only for kdump. If you worry about

someone uses the filesystem for something else other than dumping vmcore

you can mount it as read-only or make it a noauto mount. Mkdumprd will

mount/remount it as read-write for creating dump directory and will

move it back to it's original state afterwards.

Supported dump target types and requirements

--------------------------------------------

1) Raw partition

Raw partition dumping requires that a disk partition in the system, at least

as large as the amount of memory in the system, be left unformatted. Assuming

/dev/vg/lv_kdump is left unformatted, kdump.conf can be configured with

'raw /dev/vg/lv_kdump', and the vmcore file will be copied via dd directly

onto partition /dev/vg/lv_kdump. Restart the kdump service via

'/sbin/systemctl restart kdump.service' to commit this change to your kdump

initrd. Dump target should be persistent device name, such as lvm or device

mapper canonical name.

2) Dedicated file system

Similar to raw partition dumping, you can format a partition with the file

system of your choice, Again, it should be at least as large as the amount

of memory in the system. Assuming it should be at least as large as the

amount of memory in the system. Assuming /dev/vg/lv_kdump has been

formatted ext4, specify 'ext4 /dev/vg/lv_kdump' in kdump.conf, and a

vmcore file will be copied onto the file system after it has been mounted.

Dumping to a dedicated partition has the advantage that you can dump multiple

vmcores to the file system, space permitting, without overwriting previous ones,

as would be the case in a raw partition setup. Restart the kdump service via

'/sbin/systemctl restart kdump.service' to commit this change to

your kdump initrd.  Note that for local file systems ext4 and ext2 are

supported as dumpable targets.  Kdump will not prevent you from specifying

other filesystems, and they will most likely work, but their operation

cannot be guaranteed.  for instance specifying a vfat filesystem or msdos

filesystem will result in a successful load of the kdump service, but during

crash recovery, the dump will fail if the system has more than 2GB of memory

(since vfat and msdos filesystems do not support more than 2GB files).

Be careful of your filesystem selection when using this target.

It is recommended to use persistent device names or UUID/LABEL for file system

dumps. One example of persistent device is /dev/vg/<devname>.

3) NFS mount

Dumping over NFS requires an NFS server configured to export a file system

with full read/write access for the root user. All operations done within

the kdump initial ramdisk are done as root, and to write out a vmcore file,

we obviously must be able to write to the NFS mount. Configuring an NFS

server is outside the scope of this document, but either the no_root_squash

or anonuid options on the NFS server side are likely of interest to permit

the kdump initrd operations write to the NFS mount as root.

Assuming your're exporting /dump on the machine nfs-server.example.com,

once the mount is properly configured, specify it in kdump.conf, via

'nfs nfs-server.example.com:/dump'. The server portion can be specified either

by host name or IP address. Following a system crash, the kdump initrd will

mount the NFS mount and copy out the vmcore to your NFS server. Restart the

kdump service via '/sbin/systemctl restart kdump.service' to commit this change

to your kdump initrd.

4) Special mount via "dracut_args"

You can utilize "dracut_args" to pass "--mount" to kdump, see dracut manpage

about the format of "--mount" for details. If there is any "--mount" specified

via "dracut_args", kdump will build it as the mount target without doing any

validation (mounting or checking like mount options, fs size, save path, etc),

so you must test it to ensure all the correctness. You cannot use other targets

in /etc/kdump.conf if you use "--mount" in "dracut_args". You also cannot specify

mutliple "--mount" targets via "dracut_args".

One use case of "--mount" in "dracut_args" is you do not want to mount dump target

before kdump service startup, for example, to reduce the burden of the shared nfs

server. Such as the example below:

dracut_args --mount "192.168.1.1:/share /mnt/test nfs4 defaults"

NOTE:

- <mountpoint> must be specified as an absolute path.

5) Remote system via ssh/scp

Dumping over ssh/scp requires setting up passwordless ssh keys for every

machine you wish to have dump via this method. First up, configure kdump.conf

for ssh/scp dumping, adding a config line of 'ssh user@server', where 'user'

can be any user on the target system you choose, and 'server' is the host

name or IP address of the target system. Using a dedicated, restricted user

account on the target system is recommended, as there will be keyless ssh

access to this account.

Once kdump.conf is appropriately configured, issue the command

'kdumpctl propagate' to automatically set up the ssh host keys and transmit

the necessary bits to the target server. You'll have to type in 'yes'

to accept the host key for your targer server if this is the first time

you've connected to it, and then input the target system user's password

to send over the necessary ssh key file. Restart the kdump service via

'/sbin/systemctl restart kdump.service' to commit this change to your kdump initrd.

Advanced Setups

===============

About /etc/sysconfig/kdump

------------------------------

Currently, there are a few options in /etc/sysconfig/kdump, which are

usually used to control the behavior of kdump kernel. Basically, all of

these options have default values, usually we do not need to change them,

but sometimes, we may modify them in order to better control the behavior

of kdump kernel such as debug, etc.

-KDUMP_BOOTDIR

Usually kdump kernel is the same as 1st kernel. So kdump will try to find

kdump kernel under /boot according to /proc/cmdline. E.g we execute below

command and get an output:

	cat /proc/cmdline

	BOOT_IMAGE=/xxx/vmlinuz-3.yyy.zzz  root=xxxx .....

Then kdump kernel will be /boot/xxx/vmlinuz-3.yyy.zzz. However, this option

is provided to user if kdump kernel is put in a different directory.

-KDUMP_IMG

This represents the image type used for kdump. The default value is "vmlinuz".

-KDUMP_IMG_EXT

This represents the images extension. Relocatable kernels don't have one.

Currently, it is a null string by default.

-KEXEC_ARGS

Any additional kexec arguments required. For example:

KEXEC_ARGS="--elf32-core-headers".

In most situations, this should be left empty. But, sometimes we hope to get

additional kexec loading debugging information, we can add the '-d' option

for the debugging.

-KDUMP_KERNELVER

This is a kernel version string for the kdump kernel. If the version is not

specified, the init script will try to find a kdump kernel with the same

version number as the running kernel.

-KDUMP_COMMANDLINE

The value of 'KDUMP_COMMANDLINE' will be passed to kdump kernel as command

line parameters, this will likely match the contents of the grub kernel line.

In general, if a command line is not specified, which means that it is a null

string such as KDUMP_COMMANDLINE="", the default will be taken automatically

from the '/proc/cmdline'.

-KDUMP_COMMANDLINE_REMOVE

This option allows us to remove arguments from the current kdump command line.

If we don't specify any parameters for the KDUMP_COMMANDLINE, it will inherit

all values from the '/proc/cmdline', which is not expected. As you know, some

default kernel parameters could affect kdump, furthermore, that could cause

the failure of kdump kernel boot.

In addition, the option is also helpful to debug the kdump kernel, we can use

this option to change kdump kernel command line.

For more kernel parameters, please refer to kernel document.

-KDUMP_COMMANDLINE_APPEND

This option allows us to append arguments to the current kdump command line

after processed by the KDUMP_COMMANDLINE_REMOVE. For kdump kernel, some

specific modules require to be disabled like the mce, cgroup, numa, hest_disable,

etc. Those modules may waste memory or kdump kernel doesn't need them,

furthermore, there may affect kdump kernel boot.

Just like above option, it can be used to disable or enable some kernel

modules so that we can exclude any errors for kdump kernel, this is very

meaningful for debugging.

-KDUMP_STDLOGLVL | KDUMP_SYSLOGLVL | KDUMP_KMSGLOGLVL

These variables are used to control the kdump log level in the first kernel.

In the second kernel, kdump will use the rd.kdumploglvl option to set the log

level in the above KDUMP_COMMANDLINE_APPEND.

Logging levels: no logging(0), error(1), warn(2), info(3), debug(4)

Kdump Post-Capture Executable

-----------------------------

It is possible to specify a custom script or binary you wish to run following

an attempt to capture a vmcore. The executable is passed an exit code from

the capture process, which can be used to trigger different actions from

within your post-capture executable.

If /etc/kdump/post.d directory exist, All files in the directory are

collectively sorted and executed in lexical order, before binary or script

specified kdump_post parameter is executed.

Kdump Pre-Capture Executable

----------------------------

It is possible to specify a custom script or binary you wish to run before

capturing a vmcore. Exit status of this binary is interpreted:

0 - continue with dump process as usual

non 0 - run the final action (reboot/poweroff/halt)

If /etc/kdump/pre.d directory exists, all files in the directory are collectively

sorted and executed in lexical order, after binary or script specified

kdump_pre parameter is executed.

Even if the binary or script in /etc/kdump/pre.d directory returns non 0

exit status, the processing is continued.

Extra Binaries

--------------

If you have specific binaries or scripts you want to have made available

within your kdump initrd, you can specify them by their full path, and they

will be included in your kdump initrd, along with all dependent libraries.

This may be particularly useful for those running post-capture scripts that

rely on other binaries.

Extra Modules

-------------

By default, only the bare minimum of kernel modules will be included in your

kdump initrd. Should you wish to capture your vmcore files to a non-boot-path

storage device, such as an iscsi target disk or clustered file system, you may

need to manually specify additional kernel modules to load into your kdump

initrd.

Failure action

--------------

Failure action specifies what to do when dump to configured dump target

fails. By default, failure action is "reboot" and that is system reboots

if attempt to save dump to dump target fails.

There are other failure actions available though.

- dump_to_rootfs

  This option tries to mount root and save dump on root filesystem

  in a path specified by "path". This option will generally make

  sense when dump target is not root filesystem. For example, if

  dump is being saved over network using "ssh" then one can specify

  failure action to "dump_to_rootfs" to try saving dump to root

  filesystem if dump over network fails.

- shell

  Drop into a shell session inside initramfs.

- halt

  Halt system after failure

- poweroff

  Poweroff system after failure.

Compression and filtering

-------------------------

The 'core_collector' parameter in kdump.conf allows you to specify a custom

dump capture method. The most common alternate method is makedumpfile, which

is a dump filtering and compression utility provided with kexec-tools. On

some architectures, it can drastically reduce the size of your vmcore files,

which becomes very useful on systems with large amounts of memory.

A typical setup is 'core_collector makedumpfile -F -l --message-level 7 -d 31',

but check the output of '/sbin/makedumpfile --help' for a list of all available

options (-i and -g don't need to be specified, they're automatically taken care

of). Note that use of makedumpfile requires that the kernel-debuginfo package

corresponding with your running kernel be installed.

Core collector command format depends on dump target type. Typically for

filesystem (local/remote), core_collector should accept two arguments.

First one is source file and second one is target file. For ex.

- ex1.

  core_collector "cp --sparse=always"

  Above will effectively be translated to:

  cp --sparse=always /proc/vmcore <dest-path>/vmcore

- ex2.

  core_collector "makedumpfile -l --message-level 7 -d 31"

  Above will effectively be translated to:

  makedumpfile -l --message-level 7 -d 31 /proc/vmcore <dest-path>/vmcore

For dump targets like raw and ssh, in general, core collector should expect

one argument (source file) and should output the processed core on standard

output (There is one exception of "scp", discussed later). This standard

output will be saved to destination using appropriate commands.