Chapter 2 Installing and Upgrading MySQL

   This chapter describes how to obtain and install MySQL. A
   summary of the procedure follows and later sections provide
   the details. If you plan to upgrade an existing version of
   MySQL to a newer version rather than install MySQL for the
   first time, see Section 2.11.1, "Upgrading MySQL," for
   information about upgrade procedures and about issues that
   you should consider before upgrading.

   If you are interested in migrating to MySQL from another
   database system, you may wish to read Section A.8, "MySQL 5.5
   FAQ: Migration," which contains answers to some common
   questions concerning migration issues.

   If you are migrating from MySQL Enterprise Edition to MySQL
   Community Server, see Section 2.11.2.2, "Downgrading from
   MySQL Enterprise Edition to MySQL Community Server."

   Installation of MySQL generally follows the steps outlined
   here:

    1. Determine whether MySQL runs and is supported on your
       platform.
       Please note that not all platforms are equally suitable
       for running MySQL, and that not all platforms on which
       MySQL is known to run are officially supported by Oracle
       Corporation:

    2. Choose which distribution to install.
       Several versions of MySQL are available, and most are
       available in several distribution formats. You can choose
       from pre-packaged distributions containing binary
       (precompiled) programs or source code. When in doubt, use
       a binary distribution. We also provide public access to
       our current source tree for those who want to see our
       most recent developments and help us test new code. To
       determine which version and type of distribution you
       should use, see Section 2.1.2, "Choosing Which MySQL
       Distribution to Install."

    3. Download the distribution that you want to install.
       For instructions, see Section 2.1.3, "How to Get MySQL."
       To verify the integrity of the distribution, use the
       instructions in Section 2.1.4, "Verifying Package
       Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG."

    4. Install the distribution.
       To install MySQL from a binary distribution, use the
       instructions in Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on
       Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries."
       To install MySQL from a source distribution or from the
       current development source tree, use the instructions in
       Section 2.9, "Installing MySQL from Source."

    5. Perform any necessary postinstallation setup.
       After installing MySQL, see Section 2.10,
       "Postinstallation Setup and Testing" for information
       about making sure the MySQL server is working properly.
       Also refer to the information provided in Section 2.10.2,
       "Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts." This section
       describes how to secure the initial MySQL user accounts,
       which have no passwords until you assign passwords. The
       section applies whether you install MySQL using a binary
       or source distribution.

    6. If you want to run the MySQL benchmark scripts, Perl
       support for MySQL must be available. See Section 2.13,
       "Perl Installation Notes."

   Instructions for installing MySQL on different platforms and
   environments is available on a platform by platform basis:

     * Unix, Linux, FreeBSD
       For instructions on installing MySQL on most Linux and
       Unix platforms using a generic binary (for example, a
       .tar.gz package), see Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on
       Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries."
       For information on building MySQL entirely from the
       source code distributions or the source code
       repositories, see Section 2.9, "Installing MySQL from
       Source"
       For specific platform help on installation,
       configuration, and building from source see the
       corresponding platform section:

          + Linux, including notes on distribution specific
            methods, see Section 2.5, "Installing MySQL on
            Linux."

          + Solaris and OpenSolaris, including PKG and IPS
            formats, see Section 2.7, "Installing MySQL on
            Solaris and OpenSolaris."

          + IBM AIX, see Section 2.7, "Installing MySQL on
            Solaris and OpenSolaris."

          + FreeBSD, see Section 2.8, "Installing MySQL on
            FreeBSD."

     * Microsoft Windows
       For instructions on installing MySQL on Microsoft
       Windows, using either a Zipped binary or an MSI package,
       see Section 2.3, "Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows."
       For information on using the MySQL Server Instance Config
       Wizard, see Section 2.3.6, "MySQL Server Instance
       Configuration Wizard."
       For details and instructions on building MySQL from
       source code using Microsoft Visual Studio, see Section
       2.9, "Installing MySQL from Source."

     * Mac OS X
       For installation on Mac OS X, including using both the
       binary package and native PKG formats, see Section 2.4,
       "Installing MySQL on Mac OS X."
       For information on making use of the MySQL Startup Item
       to automatically start and stop MySQL, see Section 2.4.3,
       "Installing the MySQL Startup Item."
       For information on the MySQL Preference Pane, see Section
       2.4.4, "Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane."

2.1 General Installation Guidance

   The immediately following sections contain the information
   necessary to choose, download, and verify your distribution.
   The instructions in later sections of the chapter describe
   how to install the distribution that you choose. For binary
   distributions, see the instructions at Section 2.2,
   "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries" or
   the corresponding section for your platform if available. To
   build MySQL from source, use the instructions in Section 2.9,
   "Installing MySQL from Source."

2.1.1 Operating Systems Supported by MySQL Community Server

   MySQL is available on a number of operating systems and
   platforms. For information about those platforms that are
   officially supported, see
   http://www.mysql.com/support/supportedplatforms/database.html
   on the MySQL Web site.

2.1.2 Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install

   When preparing to install MySQL, you should decide which
   version to use. MySQL development occurs in several release
   series, and you can pick the one that best fits your needs.
   After deciding which version to install, you can choose a
   distribution format. Releases are available in binary or
   source format.

2.1.2.1 Choosing Which Version of MySQL to Install

   The first decision to make is whether you want to use a
   production (stable) release or a development release. In the
   MySQL development process, multiple release series co-exist,
   each at a different stage of maturity.

Production Releases


     * MySQL 5.6: Latest General Availability (Production)
       release

     * MySQL 5.5: Previous General Availability (Production)
       release

     * MySQL 5.1: Older General Availability (Production)
       release

     * MySQL 5.0: Older Production release nearing the end of
       the product lifecycle

   MySQL 4.1, 4.0, and 3.23 are old releases that are no longer
   supported.

   See http://www.mysql.com/about/legal/lifecycle/ for
   information about support policies and schedules.

   Normally, if you are beginning to use MySQL for the first
   time or trying to port it to some system for which there is
   no binary distribution, use the most recent General
   Availability series listed in the preceding descriptions. All
   MySQL releases, even those from development series, are
   checked with the MySQL benchmarks and an extensive test suite
   before being issued.

   If you are running an older system and want to upgrade, but
   do not want to take the chance of having a nonseamless
   upgrade, you should upgrade to the latest version in the same
   release series you are using (where only the last part of the
   version number is newer than yours). We have tried to fix
   only fatal bugs and make only small, relatively "safe"
   changes to that version.

   If you want to use new features not present in the production
   release series, you can use a version from a development
   series. Be aware that development releases are not as stable
   as production releases.

   We do not use a complete code freeze because this prevents us
   from making bugfixes and other fixes that must be done. We
   may add small things that should not affect anything that
   currently works in a production release. Naturally, relevant
   bugfixes from an earlier series propagate to later series.

   If you want to use the very latest sources containing all
   current patches and bugfixes, you can use one of our source
   code repositories (see Section 2.9.3, "Installing MySQL Using
   a Development Source Tree"). These are not "releases" as
   such, but are available as previews of the code on which
   future releases are to be based.

   The naming scheme in MySQL 5.5 uses release names that
   consist of three numbers and a suffix; for example,
   mysql-5.5.6-m3. The numbers within the release name are
   interpreted as follows:

     * The first number (5) is the major version and describes
       the file format. All MySQL 5 releases have the same file
       format.

     * The second number (5) is the release level. Taken
       together, the major version and release level constitute
       the release series number.

     * The third number (6) is the version number within the
       release series. This is incremented for each new release.
       Usually you want the latest version for the series you
       have chosen.

   For each minor update, the last number in the version string
   is incremented. When there are major new features or minor
   incompatibilities with previous versions, the second number
   in the version string is incremented. When the file format
   changes, the first number is increased.

   Release names also include a suffix that indicates the
   stability level of the release. Releases within a series
   progress through a set of suffixes to indicate how the
   stability level improves. The possible suffixes are:

     * mN (for example, m1, m2, m3, ...) indicate a milestone
       number. MySQL development uses a milestone model, in
       which each milestone proceeds through a small number of
       versions with a tight focus on a small subset of
       thoroughly tested features. Following the releases for
       one milestone, development proceeds with another small
       number of releases that focuses on the next small set of
       features, also thoroughly tested. Features within
       milestone releases may be considered to be of
       pre-production quality.

     * rc indicates a Release Candidate. Release candidates are
       believed to be stable, having passed all of MySQL's
       internal testing, and with all known fatal runtime bugs
       fixed. However, the release has not been in widespread
       use long enough to know for sure that all bugs have been
       identified. Only minor fixes are added.

     * If there is no suffix, it indicates that the release is a
       General Availability (GA) or Production release. GA
       releases are stable, having successfully passed through
       all earlier release stages and are believed to be
       reliable, free of serious bugs, and suitable for use in
       production systems. Only critical bugfixes are applied to
       the release.

   All releases of MySQL are run through our standard tests and
   benchmarks to ensure that they are relatively safe to use.
   Because the standard tests are extended over time to check
   for all previously found bugs, the test suite keeps getting
   better.

   All releases have been tested at least with these tools:

     * An internal test suite.  The mysql-test directory
       contains an extensive set of test cases. We run these
       tests for every server binary. See Section 24.1.2, "The
       MySQL Test Suite," for more information about this test
       suite.

     * The MySQL benchmark suite.  This suite runs a range of
       common queries. It is also a test to determine whether
       the latest batch of optimizations actually made the code
       faster. See Section 8.12.2, "The MySQL Benchmark Suite."

   We also perform additional integration and nonfunctional
   testing of the latest MySQL version in our internal
   production environment. Integration testing is done with
   different connectors, storage engines, replication modes,
   backup, partitioning, stored programs, and so forth in
   various combinations. Additional nonfunctional testing is
   done in areas of performance, concurrency, stress, high
   volume, upgrade and downgrade.

2.1.2.2 Choosing a Distribution Format

   After choosing which version of MySQL to install, you should
   decide whether to use a binary distribution or a source
   distribution. In most cases, you should probably use a binary
   distribution, if one exists for your platform. Binary
   distributions are available in native format for many
   platforms, such as RPM packages for Linux, DMG packages for
   Mac OS X, and PKG packages for Solaris. Distributions are
   also available in more generic formats such as Zip archives
   or compressed tar files.

   Reasons to choose a binary distribution include the
   following:

     * Binary distributions generally are easier to install than
       source distributions.

     * To satisfy different user requirements, we provide
       several servers in binary distributions. mysqld is an
       optimized server that is a smaller, faster binary.
       mysqld-debug is compiled with debugging support.
       Each of these servers is compiled from the same source
       distribution, though with different configuration
       options. All native MySQL clients can connect to servers
       from either MySQL version.

   Under some circumstances, you may be better off installing
   MySQL from a source distribution:

     * You want to install MySQL at some explicit location. The
       standard binary distributions are ready to run at any
       installation location, but you might require even more
       flexibility to place MySQL components where you want.

     * You want to configure mysqld to ensure that features are
       available that might not be included in the standard
       binary distributions. Here is a list of the most common
       extra options that you may want to use to ensure feature
       availability:

          + -DWITH_LIBWRAP=1 for TCP wrappers support.

          + -DWITH_ZLIB={system|bundled} for features that
            depend on compression

          + -DWITH_DEBUG=1 for debugging support
       For additional information, see Section 2.9.4, "MySQL
       Source-Configuration Options."

     * You want to configure mysqld without some features that
       are included in the standard binary distributions. For
       example, distributions normally are compiled with support
       for all character sets. If you want a smaller MySQL
       server, you can recompile it with support for only the
       character sets you need.

     * You want to use the latest sources from one of the Bazaar
       repositories to have access to all current bugfixes. For
       example, if you have found a bug and reported it to the
       MySQL development team, the bugfix is committed to the
       source repository and you can access it there. The bugfix
       does not appear in a release until a release actually is
       issued.

     * You want to read (or modify) the C and C++ code that
       makes up MySQL. For this purpose, you should get a source
       distribution, because the source code is always the
       ultimate manual.

     * Source distributions contain more tests and examples than
       binary distributions.

2.1.2.3 How and When Updates Are Released

   MySQL is evolving quite rapidly and we want to share new
   developments with other MySQL users. We try to produce a new
   release whenever we have new and useful features that others
   also seem to have a need for.

   We also try to help users who request features that are easy
   to implement. We take note of what our licensed users want,
   and we especially take note of what our support customers
   want and try to help them in this regard.

   No one is required to download a new release. The Release
   Notes (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.5/en/) help
   you determine whether the new release has something you
   really want.

   We use the following policy when updating MySQL:

     * Enterprise Server releases are meant to appear every 18
       months, supplemented by quarterly service packs and
       monthly rapid updates. Community Server releases are
       meant to appear 2 to 3 times per year.

     * Releases are issued within each series. For each release,
       the last number in the version is one more than the
       previous release within the same series.

     * Binary distributions for some platforms are made by us
       for major releases. Other people may make binary
       distributions for other systems, but probably less
       frequently.

     * We make fixes available as soon as we have identified and
       corrected small or noncritical but annoying bugs. The
       fixes are available in source form immediately from our
       public Bazaar repositories, and are included in the next
       release.

     * If by any chance a security vulnerability or critical bug
       is found in a release, our policy is to fix it in a new
       release as soon as possible. (We would like other
       companies to do this, too!)

2.1.3 How to Get MySQL

   Check our downloads page at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/
   for information about the current version of MySQL and for
   downloading instructions. For a complete up-to-date list of
   MySQL download mirror sites, see
   http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mirrors.html. You can also
   find information there about becoming a MySQL mirror site and
   how to report a bad or out-of-date mirror.

   To obtain the latest development source, see Section 2.9.3,
   "Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree."

2.1.4 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG

   After you have downloaded the MySQL package that suits your
   needs and before you attempt to install it, you should make
   sure that it is intact and has not been tampered with. There
   are three means of integrity checking:

     * MD5 checksums

     * Cryptographic signatures using GnuPG, the GNU Privacy
       Guard

     * For RPM packages, the built-in RPM integrity verification
       mechanism

   The following sections describe how to use these methods.

   If you notice that the MD5 checksum or GPG signatures do not
   match, first try to download the respective package one more
   time, perhaps from another mirror site.

2.1.4.1 Verifying the MD5 Checksum

   After you have downloaded a MySQL package, you should make
   sure that its MD5 checksum matches the one provided on the
   MySQL download pages. Each package has an individual checksum
   that you can verify against the package that you downloaded.
   The correct MD5 checksum is listed on the downloads page for
   each MySQL product, and you will compare it against the MD5
   checksum of the file (product) that you download.

   Each operating system and setup offers its own version of
   tools for checking the MD5 checksum. Typically the command is
   named md5sum, or it may be named md5, and some operating
   systems do not ship it at all. On Linux, it is part of the
   GNU Text Utilities package, which is available for a wide
   range of platforms. You can also download the source code
   from http://www.gnu.org/software/textutils/. If you have
   OpenSSL installed, you can use the command openssl md5
   package_name instead. A Windows implementation of the md5
   command line utility is available from
   http://www.fourmilab.ch/md5/. winMd5Sum is a graphical MD5
   checking tool that can be obtained from
   http://www.nullriver.com/index/products/winmd5sum. Our
   Microsoft Windows examples will assume the name md5.exe.

   Linux and Microsoft Windows examples:
shell> md5sum mysql-standard-5.5.42-linux-i686.tar.gz
aaab65abbec64d5e907dcd41b8699945  mysql-standard-5.5.42-linux-i686.tar
.gz

shell> md5.exe mysql-installer-community-5.5.42.msi
aaab65abbec64d5e907dcd41b8699945  mysql-installer-community-5.5.42.msi

   You should verify that the resulting checksum (the string of
   hexadecimal digits) matches the one displayed on the download
   page immediately below the respective package.
   Note

   Make sure to verify the checksum of the archive file (for
   example, the .zip, .tar.gz, or .msi file) and not of the
   files that are contained inside of the archive. In other
   words, verify the file before extracting its contents.

2.1.4.2 Signature Checking Using GnuPG

   Another method of verifying the integrity and authenticity of
   a package is to use cryptographic signatures. This is more
   reliable than using MD5 checksums, but requires more work.

   We sign MySQL downloadable packages with GnuPG (GNU Privacy
   Guard). GnuPG is an Open Source alternative to the well-known
   Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) by Phil Zimmermann. See
   http://www.gnupg.org/ for more information about GnuPG and
   how to obtain and install it on your system. Most Linux
   distributions ship with GnuPG installed by default. For more
   information about GnuPG, see http://www.openpgp.org/.

   To verify the signature for a specific package, you first
   need to obtain a copy of our public GPG build key, which you
   can download from http://pgp.mit.edu/. The key that you want
   to obtain is named mysql-build@oss.oracle.com. Alternatively,
   you can cut and paste the key directly from the following
   text:
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1.4.9 (SunOS)


AcOphrnJ
=443I
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

   To import the build key into your personal public GPG
   keyring, use gpg --import. For example, if you have saved the
   key in a file named mysql_pubkey.asc, the import command
   looks like this:
shell> gpg --import mysql_pubkey.asc
gpg: key 5072E1F5: public key "MySQL Release Engineering
<mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found

   You can also download the key from the public keyserver using
   the public key id, 5072E1F5:
shell> gpg --recv-keys 5072E1F5
gpg: requesting key 5072E1F5 from hkp server keys.gnupg.net
gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.
com>"
1 new user ID
gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.
com>"
53 new signatures
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:           new user IDs: 1
gpg:         new signatures: 53

   If you want to import the key into your RPM configuration to
   validate RPM install packages, you should be able to import
   the key directly:
shell> rpm --import mysql_pubkey.asc

   If you experience problems or require RPM specific
   information, see Section 2.1.4.4, "Signature Checking Using
   RPM."

   After you have downloaded and imported the public build key,
   download your desired MySQL package and the corresponding
   signature, which also is available from the download page.
   The signature file has the same name as the distribution file
   with an .asc extension, as shown by the examples in the
   following table.

   Table 2.1 MySQL Package and Signature Files for Source files
       File Type                      File Name
   Distribution file mysql-standard-5.5.42-linux-i686.tar.gz
   Signature file    mysql-standard-5.5.42-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc

   Make sure that both files are stored in the same directory
   and then run the following command to verify the signature
   for the distribution file:
shell> gpg --verify package_name.asc

   If the downloaded package is valid, you will see a "Good
   signature" similar to:
shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-5.5.42-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Tue 01 Feb 2011 02:38:30 AM CST using DSA key ID 5
072E1F5
gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.o
racle.com>"

   The Good signature message indicates that the file signature
   is valid, when compared to the signature listed on our site.
   But you might also see warnings, like so:
shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-5.5.42-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Wed 23 Jan 2013 02:25:45 AM PST using DSA key ID 5
072E1F5
gpg: checking the trustdb
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.o
racle.com>"
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg:          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the
 owner.
Primary key fingerprint: A4A9 4068 76FC BD3C 4567  70C8 8C71 8D3B 5072
 E1F5

   That is normal, as they depend on your setup and
   configuration. Here are explanations for these warnings:

     * gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found: This means that
       the specific key is not "ultimately trusted" by you or
       your web of trust, which is okay for the purposes of
       verifying file signatures.

     * WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted
       signature! There is no indication that the signature
       belongs to the owner.: This refers to your level of trust
       in your belief that you possess our real public key. This
       is a personal decision. Ideally, a MySQL developer would
       hand you the key in person, but more commonly, you
       downloaded it. Was the download tampered with? Probably
       not, but this decision is up to you. Setting up a web of
       trust is one method for trusting them.

   See the GPG documentation for more information on how to work
   with public keys.

2.1.4.3 Signature Checking Using Gpg4win for Windows

   The Section 2.1.4.2, "Signature Checking Using GnuPG" section
   describes how to verify MySQL downloads using GPG. That guide
   also applies to Microsoft Windows, but another option is to
   use a GUI tool like Gpg4win (http://www.gpg4win.org/). You
   may use a different tool but our examples are based on
   Gpg4win, and utilize its bundled Kleopatra GUI.

   Download and install Gpg4win, and then load Kleopatra. The
   dialog should look similar to:

   Figure 2.1 Initial screen after loading Kleopatra
   Initial screen after loading Kleopatra

   Next, add the MySQL Release Engineering certificate. Do this
   by clicking File, Lookup Certificates on Server. Type "Mysql
   Release Engineering" into the search box and press Search.

   Figure 2.2 Finding the MySQL Release Engineering certificate
   Finding the MySQL Release Engineering certificate

   Select the "MySQL Release Engineering" certificate. The
   Fingerprint and Key-ID must be "5072E1F5", or choose
   Details... to confirm the certificate is valid. Now, import
   it by clicking Import. An import dialog will be displayed,
   choose Okay, and this certificate will now be listed under
   the Imported Certificates tab.

   Next, configure the trust level for our certificate. Select
   our certificate, then from the main menu select Certificates,
   Change Owner Trust.... We suggest choosing I believe checks
   are very accurate for our certificate, as otherwise you might
   not be able to verify our signature. Select I believe checks
   are very accurate and then press OK.

   Figure 2.3 Changing the Trust level
   Changing the Trust level

   Next, verify the downloaded MySQL package file. This requires
   files for both the packaged file, and the signature. The
   signature file must have the same name as the packaged file
   but with an appended .asc extension, as shown by the example
   in the following table. The signature is linked to on the
   downloads page for each MySQL product. You must create the
   .asc file with this signature.

   Table 2.2 MySQL Package and Signature Files for MySQL
   Installer for Microsoft Windows
       File Type                    File Name
   Distribution file mysql-installer-community-5.5.42.msi
   Signature file    mysql-installer-community-5.5.42.msi.asc

   Make sure that both files are stored in the same directory
   and then run the following command to verify the signature
   for the distribution file. Either drag and drop the signature
   (.asc) file into Kleopatra, or load the dialog from File,
   Decrypt/Verify Files..., and then choose either the .msi or
   .asc file.

   Figure 2.4 The Decrypt/Verify Files dialog
   The Decrypt/Verify Files dialog

   Click Decrypt/Verify to check the file. The two most common
   results will look like the following, and although the yellow
   warning looks problematic, the following means that the file
   check passed with success. You may now run this installer.

   Figure 2.5 The Decrypt/Verify Results: Good
   The Decrypt/Verify Results: Good

   Seeing a red "The signature is bad" error means the file is
   invalid. Do not execute the MSI file if you see this error.

   Figure 2.6 The Decrypt/Verify Results: Bad
   The Decrypt/Verify Results: Bad

   The Section 2.1.4.2, "Signature Checking Using GnuPG" section
   explains why you probably don't see a green Good signature
   result.

2.1.4.4 Signature Checking Using RPM

   For RPM packages, there is no separate signature. RPM
   packages have a built-in GPG signature and MD5 checksum. You
   can verify a package by running the following command:
shell> rpm --checksig package_name.rpm

   Example:
shell> rpm --checksig MySQL-server-5.5.42-0.glibc23.i386.rpm
MySQL-server-5.5.42-0.glibc23.i386.rpm: md5 gpg OK

   Note

   If you are using RPM 4.1 and it complains about (GPG) NOT OK
   (MISSING KEYS: GPG#5072e1f5), even though you have imported
   the MySQL public build key into your own GPG keyring, you
   need to import the key into the RPM keyring first. RPM 4.1 no
   longer uses your personal GPG keyring (or GPG itself).
   Rather, RPM maintains a separate keyring because it is a
   system-wide application and a user's GPG public keyring is a
   user-specific file. To import the MySQL public key into the
   RPM keyring, first obtain the key, then use rpm --import to
   import the key. For example:
shell> gpg --export -a 5072e1f5 > 5072e1f5.asc
shell> rpm --import 5072e1f5.asc

   Alternatively, rpm also supports loading the key directly
   from a URL, and you can use this manual page:
shell> rpm --import http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/checking-gp
g-signature.html

   If you need to obtain the MySQL public key, see Section
   2.1.4.2, "Signature Checking Using GnuPG."

2.1.5 Installation Layouts

   The installation layout differs for different installation
   types (for example, native packages, binary tarballs, and
   source tarballs), which can lead to confusion when managing
   different systems or using different installation sources.
   The individual layouts are given in the corresponding
   installation type or platform chapter, as described
   following. Note that the layout of installations from vendors
   other than Oracle may differ from these layouts.

     * Section 2.3.1, "MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft
       Windows"

     * Section 2.9.1, "MySQL Layout for Source Installation"

     * Section 2.2, "MySQL Installation Layout for Generic
       Unix/Linux Binary Package"

     * Section 2.5.1, "MySQL Installation Layout for Linux RPM
       Packages"

     * Section 2.4.2, "MySQL Installation Layout on Mac OS X"

2.1.6 Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics

   In some cases, the compiler used to build MySQL affects the
   features available for use. The notes in this section apply
   for binary distributions provided by Oracle Corporation or
   that you compile yourself from source.

   icc (Intel C++ Compiler) Builds

   A server built with icc has these characteristics:

     * SSL support is not included.

2.2 Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries

   Oracle provides a set of binary distributions of MySQL. These
   include binary distributions in the form of compressed tar
   files (files with a .tar.gz extension) for a number of
   platforms, as well as binaries in platform-specific package
   formats for selected platforms.

   This section covers the installation of MySQL from a
   compressed tar file binary distribution. For other
   platform-specific package formats, see the other
   platform-specific sections. For example, for Windows
   distributions, see Section 2.3, "Installing MySQL on
   Microsoft Windows."

   To obtain MySQL, see Section 2.1.3, "How to Get MySQL."

   MySQL compressed tar file binary distributions have names of
   the form mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz, where VERSION is a number
   (for example, 5.5.42), and OS indicates the type of operating
   system for which the distribution is intended (for example,
   pc-linux-i686 or winx64).

   To install MySQL from a compressed tar file binary
   distribution, your system must have GNU gunzip to uncompress
   the distribution and a reasonable tar to unpack it. If your
   tar program supports the z option, it can both uncompress and
   unpack the file.

   GNU tar is known to work. The standard tar provided with some
   operating systems is not able to unpack the long file names
   in the MySQL distribution. You should download and install
   GNU tar, or if available, use a preinstalled version of GNU
   tar. Usually this is available as gnutar, gtar, or as tar
   within a GNU or Free Software directory, such as /usr/sfw/bin
   or /usr/local/bin. GNU tar is available from
   http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/.
   Warning

   If you have previously installed MySQL using your operating
   system native package management system, such as yum or
   apt-get, you may experience problems installing using a
   native binary. Make sure your previous MySQL previous
   installation has been removed entirely (using your package
   management system), and that any additional files, such as
   old versions of your data files, have also been removed. You
   should also check the existence of configuration files such
   as /etc/my.cnf or the /etc/mysql directory have been deleted.

   If you run into problems and need to file a bug report,
   please use the instructions in Section 1.7, "How to Report
   Bugs or Problems."

   On Unix, to install a compressed tar file binary
   distribution, unpack it at the installation location you
   choose (typically /usr/local/mysql). This creates the
   directories shown in the following table.

   Table 2.3 MySQL Installation Layout for Generic Unix/Linux
   Binary Package
   Directory Contents of Directory
   bin Client programs and the mysqld server
   data Log files, databases
   docs Manual in Info format
   man Unix manual pages
   include Include (header) files
   lib Libraries
   scripts mysql_install_db
   share Miscellaneous support files, including error messages,
   sample configuration files, SQL for database installation
   sql-bench Benchmarks

   Debug versions of the mysqld binary are available as
   mysqld-debug. To compile your own debug version of MySQL from
   a source distribution, use the appropriate configuration
   options to enable debugging support. For more information on
   compiling from source, see Section 2.9, "Installing MySQL
   from Source."

   To install and use a MySQL binary distribution, the basic
   command sequence looks like this:
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -r -g mysql mysql
shell> cd /usr/local
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
shell> cd mysql
shell> chown -R mysql .
shell> chgrp -R mysql .
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
shell> chown -R root .
shell> chown -R mysql data
# Next command is optional
shell> cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
# Next command is optional
shell> cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql.server

   A more detailed version of the preceding description for
   installing a binary distribution follows.
   Note

   This procedure assumes that you have root (administrator)
   access to your system. Alternatively, you can prefix each
   command using the sudo (Linux) or pfexec (OpenSolaris)
   command.

   The procedure does not set up any passwords for MySQL
   accounts. After following the procedure, proceed to Section
   2.10.2, "Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts."

Create a mysql User and Group

   If your system does not already have a user and group for
   mysqld to run as, you may need to create one. The following
   commands add the mysql group and the mysql user. You might
   want to call the user and group something else instead of
   mysql. If so, substitute the appropriate name in the
   following instructions. The syntax for useradd and groupadd
   may differ slightly on different versions of Unix, or they
   may have different names such as adduser and addgroup.
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -r -g mysql mysql

   Note

   Because the user is required only for ownership purposes, not
   login purposes, the useradd command uses the -r option to
   create a user that does not have login permissions to your
   server host. Omit this option to permit logins for the user
   (or if your useradd does not support the option).

Obtain and Unpack the Distribution

   Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the
   distribution and change location into it. The example here
   unpacks the distribution under /usr/local. The instructions,
   therefore, assume that you have permission to create files
   and directories in /usr/local. If that directory is
   protected, you must perform the installation as root.
shell> cd /usr/local

   Obtain a distribution file using the instructions in Section
   2.1.3, "How to Get MySQL." For a given release, binary
   distributions for all platforms are built from the same MySQL
   source distribution.

   Unpack the distribution, which creates the installation
   directory. Then create a symbolic link to that directory. tar
   can uncompress and unpack the distribution if it has z option
   support:
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql

   The tar command creates a directory named mysql-VERSION-OS.
   The ln command makes a symbolic link to that directory. This
   enables you to refer more easily to the installation
   directory as /usr/local/mysql.

   If your tar does not have z option support, use gunzip to
   unpack the distribution and tar to unpack it. Replace the
   preceding tar command with the following alternative command
   to uncompress and extract the distribution:
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -

Perform Postinstallation Setup

   The remainder of the installation process involves setting up
   the configuration file, creating the core databases, and
   starting the MySQL server. For next steps, see Section 2.10,
   "Postinstallation Setup and Testing."
   Note

   The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables
   initially have no passwords. After starting the server, you
   should set up passwords for them using the instructions in
   Section 2.10.2, "Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts."

2.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows

   There are several different methods to install MySQL on
   Microsoft Windows.

Simple Installation Method

   The simplest and recommended method is to download MySQL
   Installer (for Windows) and let it install and configure all
   of the MySQL products on your system. Here is how:

     * Download MySQL Installer from
       http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/installer/ and execute it.
       Note
       Unlike the standard MySQL Installer, the smaller
       "web-community" version does not bundle any MySQL
       applications but it will download the MySQL products you
       choose to install.

     * Choose the appropriate Setup Type for your system.
       Typically you will choose Developer Default to install
       MySQL server and other MySQL tools related to MySQL
       development, helpful tools like MySQL Workbench. Or,
       choose the Custom setup type to manually select your
       desired MySQL products.
       Note
       Multiple versions of MySQL server can exist on a single
       system. You can choose one or multiple versions.

     * Complete the installation process by following the MySQL
       Installation wizard's instructions. This will install
       several MySQL products and start the MySQL server.

     * MySQL is now installed. You probably configured MySQL as
       a service that will automatically start MySQL server
       every time you restart your system.

   Note

   You probably also installed other helpful MySQL products like
   MySQL Workbench and MySQL Notifier on your system. Consider
   loading Chapter 26, "MySQL Workbench" to check your new MySQL
   server connection, and Section 2.3.4, "MySQL Notifier" to
   view the connection's status. By default, these two programs
   automatically start after installing MySQL.

   This process also installs the MySQL Installer application on
   your system, and later you can use MySQL Installer to upgrade
   or reconfigure your MySQL products.

Additional Installation Information

   MySQL is available for Microsoft Windows, for both 32-bit and
   64-bit versions. For supported Windows platform information,
   see
   http://www.mysql.com/support/supportedplatforms/database.html
   .

   It is possible to run MySQL as a standard application or as a
   Windows service. By using a service, you can monitor and
   control the operation of the server through the standard
   Windows service management tools. For more information, see
   Section 2.3.7.7, "Starting MySQL as a Windows Service."

   Generally, you should install MySQL on Windows using an
   account that has administrator rights. Otherwise, you may
   encounter problems with certain operations such as editing
   the PATH environment variable or accessing the Service
   Control Manager. Once installed, MySQL does not need to be
   executed using a user with Administrator privileges.

   For a list of limitations on the use of MySQL on the Windows
   platform, see Section D.10.6, "Windows Platform Limitations."

   In addition to the MySQL Server package, you may need or want
   additional components to use MySQL with your application or
   development environment. These include, but are not limited
   to:

     * To connect to the MySQL server using ODBC, you must have
       a Connector/ODBC driver. For more information, including
       installation and configuration instructions, see MySQL
       Connector/ODBC Developer Guide
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-odbc/en/index.html).
       Note
       MySQL Installer will install and configure Connector/ODBC
       for you.

     * To use MySQL server with .NET applications, you must have
       the Connector/Net driver. For more information, including
       installation and configuration instructions, see MySQL
       Connector/Net Developer Guide
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-net/en/index.html).
       Note
       MySQL Installer will install and configure Connector/NET
       for you.

   MySQL distributions for Windows can be downloaded from
   http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/. See Section 2.1.3, "How to
   Get MySQL."

   MySQL for Windows is available in several distribution
   formats, detailed below. Generally speaking, you should use
   MySQL Installer. It contains more features and MySQL products
   than the older MSI, is simpler to use than the ZIP file, and
   you need no additional tools to get MySQL up and running.
   MySQL Installer automatically installs MySQL Server and
   additional MySQL products, creates an options file, starts
   the server, and enables you to create default user accounts.
   For more information on choosing a package, see Section
   2.3.2, "Choosing An Installation Package."

     * Binary installer distributions. There are two different
       installable distributions that come packaged as a
       Microsoft Windows Installer (MSI) package that you can
       install manually or automatically on your systems. The
       preferred MySQL Installer package includes MySQL Server
       and additional MySQL products including MySQL Workbench,
       MySQL Notifier, and MySQL for Excel. MySQL Installer can
       also be used to upgrade these product in the future. The
       older MSI package contains all the files you need to
       install and configure MySQL server, but no additional
       components.
       For instructions on installing MySQL using MySQL
       Installer, see Section 2.3.3, "Installing MySQL on
       Microsoft Windows Using MySQL Installer."

     * The standard binary distribution (packaged as a Zip file)
       contains all of the necessary files that you unpack into
       your chosen location. This package contains all of the
       files in the full Windows MSI Installer package, but does
       not include an installation program.
       For instructions on installing MySQL using the Zip file,
       see Section 2.3.7, "Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows
       Using a noinstall Zip Archive."

     * The source distribution format contains all the code and
       support files for building the executables using the
       Visual Studio compiler system.
       For instructions on building MySQL from source on
       Windows, see Section 2.9, "Installing MySQL from Source."

   MySQL on Windows considerations:

     * Large Table Support
       If you need tables with a size larger than 4GB, install
       MySQL on an NTFS or newer file system. Do not forget to
       use MAX_ROWS and AVG_ROW_LENGTH when you create tables.
       See Section 13.1.17, "CREATE TABLE Syntax."

     * MySQL and Virus Checking Software
       Virus-scanning software such as Norton/Symantec
       Anti-Virus on directories containing MySQL data and
       temporary tables can cause issues, both in terms of the
       performance of MySQL and the virus-scanning software
       misidentifying the contents of the files as containing
       spam. This is due to the fingerprinting mechanism used by
       the virus-scanning software, and the way in which MySQL
       rapidly updates different files, which may be identified
       as a potential security risk.
       After installing MySQL Server, it is recommended that you
       disable virus scanning on the main directory (datadir)
       used to store your MySQL table data. There is usually a
       system built into the virus-scanning software to enable
       specific directories to be ignored.
       In addition, by default, MySQL creates temporary files in
       the standard Windows temporary directory. To prevent the
       temporary files also being scanned, configure a separate
       temporary directory for MySQL temporary files and add
       this directory to the virus scanning exclusion list. To
       do this, add a configuration option for the tmpdir
       parameter to your my.ini configuration file. For more
       information, see Section 2.3.7.2, "Creating an Option
       File."

2.3.1 MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows

   For MySQL 5.5 on Windows, the default installation directory
   is C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5. Some Windows
   users prefer to install in C:\mysql, the directory that
   formerly was used as the default. However, the layout of the
   subdirectories remains the same.

   All of the files are located within this parent directory,
   using the structure shown in the following table.

   Table 2.4 Default MySQL Installation Layout for Microsoft
   Windows
   Directory Contents of Directory Notes
   bin Client programs and the mysqld server
   %ALLUSERSPROFILE%\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\ Log files,
   databases (Windows XP, Windows Server 2003) The Windows
   system variable %ALLUSERSPROFILE% defaults to C:\Documents
   and Settings\All Users\Application Data
   %PROGRAMDATA%\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\ Log files, databases
   (Vista, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, and newer) The
   Windows system variable %PROGRAMDATA% defaults to
   C:\ProgramData
   examples Example programs and scripts
   include Include (header) files
   lib Libraries
   scripts Utility scripts
   share Miscellaneous support files, including error messages,
   character set files, sample configuration files, SQL for
   database installation

   If you install MySQL using a Windows MSI package, this
   package creates and sets up the data directory that the
   installed server will use, but as of MySQL 5.5.5, it also
   creates a pristine "template" data directory named data under
   the installation directory. This directory can be useful when
   the machine will be used to run multiple instances of MySQL:
   After an installation has been performed using an MSI
   package, the template data directory can be copied to set up
   additional MySQL instances. See Section 5.3, "Running
   Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine."

2.3.2 Choosing An Installation Package

   For MySQL 5.5, there are installation package formats to
   choose from when installing MySQL on Windows:
   Note

   MySQL Installer and the "Complete Package" methods for
   installing MySQL are similar, but different. The MySQL
   Installer is the newer and more advanced option, and it
   includes all functionality found within the "Complete
   Package."

     * MySQL Installer: This package has a file name similar to
       mysql-installer-community-5.5.42.0.msi or
       mysql-installer-commercial-5.5.42.0.msi, and utilizes
       MSIs to automatically install MySQL server and other
       products. It will download and apply updates to itself,
       and for each of the installed products. It also
       configures the additional non-server products.
       The installed products are configurable, and this
       includes: documentation with samples and examples,
       connectors (such as C, C++, J, NET, and ODBC), MySQL
       Workbench, MySQL Notifier, MySQL for Excel, and the MySQL
       Server with its components.
       MySQL Installer will run on all Windows platforms that
       are supported by MySQL (see
       http://www.mysql.com/support/supportedplatforms/database.
       html).
       Note
       Because MySQL Installer is not a native component of
       Microsoft Windows and depends on .NET, it will not work
       on minimal installation options like the "Server Core"
       version of Windows Server 2008.
       For instructions on installing MySQL using MySQL
       Installer, see Section 2.3.3, "Installing MySQL on
       Microsoft Windows Using MySQL Installer."

     * The Complete Package: This package has a file name
       similar to mysql-5.5.42-win32.msi or
       mysql-5.5.42-winx64.zip, and contains all files needed
       for a complete Windows installation, including the
       Configuration Wizard. This package includes optional
       components such as the embedded server and benchmark
       suite.

     * The Noinstall Archive: This package has a file name
       similar to mysql-5.5.42-win32.zip or
       mysql-5.5.42-winx64.zip, and contains all the files found
       in the Complete install package, with the exception of
       the GUI. This package does not include an automated
       installer, and must be manually installed and configured.

   MySQL Installer is recommended for most users.

   Your choice of install package affects the installation
   process you must follow. If you choose to use MySQL
   Installer, see Section 2.3.3, "Installing MySQL on Microsoft
   Windows Using MySQL Installer." If you choose to install a
   standard MSI package, see Section 2.3.5, "Installing MySQL on
   Microsoft Windows Using an MSI Package." If you choose to
   install a Noinstall archive, see Section 2.3.7, "Installing
   MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall Zip Archive."

2.3.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using MySQL Installer

   MySQL Installer simplifies the installation and updating
   process for your MySQL products on Microsoft Windows. From
   this central application, you can view, remove, update, and
   reconfigure the existing MySQL products on your system. MySQL
   Installer can also install plugins, documentation, tutorials,
   and example databases. The MySQL Installer is only available
   for Microsoft Windows, and includes both GUI and command-line
   interfaces.

   The supported products include:

     * MySQL server (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/) (one or multiple
       versions)

     * MySQL Workbench

     * MySQL Connectors
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/index-connectors.html) (.Net /
       Python / ODBC / Java / C / C++)

     * MySQL Notifier

     * MySQL for Excel
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-for-excel/en/index.html)

     * MySQL for Visual Studio
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-net/en/connector-net-
       visual-studio.html)

     * MySQL Utilities and MySQL Fabric
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/index-utils-fabric.html)

     * MySQL Samples and Examples

     * MySQL Documentation

     * MySQL Installer is also installed and remains on the
       system as its own application

Installer package types


     * Full: Bundles all of the MySQL products (including the
       MySQL server). The file' size is over 200MB, and its name
       has the form mysql-installer-community-VERSION.N.msi
       where VERSION is the MySQL Server version number such as
       5.6 and N is the package number, which begins at 0.

     * Web: Only contains the Installer and configuration files,
       and it only downloads the MySQL products you choose to
       install. The size of this file is about 2MB; the name of
       the file has the form
       mysql-installer-community-web-VERSION.N.msi where VERSION
       is the MySQL Server version number such as 5.6 and N is
       the package number, which begins at 0.

Installer editions


     * Community edition: Downloadable at
       http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/installer/. It installs
       the community edition of all MySQL products.

     * Commercial edition: Downloadable at either My Oracle
       Support (https://support.oracle.com/) (MOS) or
       https://edelivery.oracle.com/. It installs the commercial
       version of all MySQL products, including Workbench SE/EE.
       It also integrates with your MOS account.
       Note
       Entering your MOS credentials is optional when installing
       bundled MySQL products, but your credentials are required
       when choosing non-bundled MySQL products that MySQL
       Installer must download.

   For notes detailing the changes in each release of MySQL
   Installer, see MySQL Installer Release Notes
   (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql-installer/en/).

   MySQL Installer is compatible with pre-existing
   installations, and adds them to its list of installed
   components. While the standard MySQL Installer is bundled
   with a specific version of MySQL Server, a single MySQL
   Installer instance can install and manage multiple MySQL
   Server versions. For example, a single MySQL Installer
   instance can install (and update) versions 5.5, 5.6, and 5.7
   on the host.
   Note

   A single host can not have both community and commercial
   editions of MySQL Server installed. For example, if you want
   both MySQL Server 5.5 and 5.6 installed on a single host,
   then both must be the same edition.

   MySQL Installer handles the initial configuration and set up
   of the applications. For example:

    1. It creates initial MySQL Server connections in MySQL
       Workbench.

    2. It creates the configuration file (my.ini) that is used
       to configure the MySQL Server. The values written to this
       file are influenced by choices you make during the
       installation process.

    3. It can optionally import example databases.

    4. It can optionally create MySQL Server user accounts with
       configurable permissions based on general roles, such as
       DB Administrator, DB Designer, and Backup Admin. It
       optionally creates a Windows user named MysqlSys with
       limited privileges, which would then run the MySQL
       Server.
       User accounts may also be added and configured in MySQL
       Workbench.

    5. If the "Advanced Configuration" option is checked, then
       the Logging Options are also configured. This includes
       defining file paths for the error log, general log, slow
       query log (including the configuration of seconds it
       requires to execute a query), and the binary log.

   MySQL Installer can optionally check for updated components
   and download them for you.

2.3.3.1 MySQL Installer GUI

   Installing MySQL Installer adds a link to the Start menu
   under the MySQL group. Click Start, All Programs MySQL, MySQL
   Installer to reload the MySQL Installer GUI.
   Note

   Files that are generated by MySQL Installer grant full
   permissions to the user that executes MySQL Installer,
   including my.ini. This does not apply to files and
   directories for specific products such as the MySQL Server
   data directory in %ProgramData% that is owned by SYSTEM.

   The initial execution of MySQL Installer requires you to
   accept the license agreement before installing MySQL
   products.

   Figure 2.7 MySQL Installer - License Agreement
   MySQL Installer - License Agreement

Installing New Packages

   Choose the appropriate Setup Type for your system. The
   selected type determines which MySQL products are installed
   on your system, or select Custom to manually choose
   individual products.

     * Developer: Install all products needed to develop
       applications with MySQL. This is the default option.

     * Server only: Only install the MySQL server.

     * Client only: Only install the MySQL client products,
       which does not include the MySQL server.

     * Full: Install all MySQL products.

     * Custom: Manually select the MySQL products to install.
       Note
       After the initial installation, you may use MySQL
       Installer to manually select MySQL products to install or
       remove. In other words, MySQL Installer becomes a MySQL
       product management system.

   Figure 2.8 MySQL Installer - Choosing a Setup Type
   MySQL Installer - Choosing a Setup Type

   After you select a setup type, the MySQL Installer will check
   your system for the necessary external requirements for each
   of the selected MySQL products. MySQL Installer will either
   download and install the missing components onto your system,
   or point you to the download location and set Status to
   "Manual".

   The next window lists the MySQL products that are scheduled
   to be installed:

   Figure 2.9 MySQL Installer - Installation Progress
   MySQL Installer - Installation Progress

   As components are installed, their Status changes from a
   progress percentage to "Complete".

   After all components are installed, the next step configures
   some of the recently installed MySQL products. The
   Configuration Overview window displays the progress and then
   loads a configuration window, if required. Our example
   configures MySQL Server 5.6.x.

Configuring MySQL Server

   Configuring the MySQL server begins with defining several
   Type and Networking options.

   Figure 2.10 MySQL Installer - Configuration Overview
   MySQL Installer - Configuration Overview

   Server Configuration Type

   Choose the MySQL server configuration type that describes
   your setup. This setting defines the amount of system
   resources that will be assigned to your MySQL server
   instance.

     * Developer: A machine that will host many other
       applications, and typically this is your personal
       workstation. This option configures MySQL to use the
       least amount of memory.

     * Server: Several other applications will be running on
       this machine, such as a web server. This option
       configures MySQL to use a medium amount of memory.

     * Dedicated: A machine that is dedicated to running the
       MySQL server. Because no other major applications are
       running on the server, such as web servers, this option
       configures MySQL to use all available memory.

   Connectivity

   Connectivity options control how you will connect to MySQL.
   Options include:

     * TCP/IP: You may enable TCP/IP Networking here as
       otherwise only localhost connections are allowed. Also
       define the Port Number and whether to open the firewall
       port for network access.

     * Named Pipe: Enable and define the pipe name, similar to
       using the --enable-named-pipe option.

     * Shared Memory: Enable and then define the memory name,
       similar to using the --shared-memory option.

   Advanced Configuration

   Checking the "Advanced Configuration" option provides
   additional Logging Options to configure. This includes
   defining file paths for the error log, general log, slow
   query log (including the configuration of seconds it requires
   to execute a query), and the binary log.

   Figure 2.11 MySQL Installer - MySQL Server Configuration:
   Type and Networking
   MySQL Installer- MySQL Server Configuration: Type and
   Networking

Accounts and Roles

   Next, define your MySQL account information. Assigning a root
   password is required.

   Optionally, you can add additional MySQL user accounts with
   predefined user roles. Each predefined role, such as "DB
   Admin", are configured with their own set of privileges. For
   example, the "DB Admin" role has more privileges than the "DB
   Designer" role. Click the Role dropdown for a list of role
   descriptions.
   Note

   If the MySQL Server is already installed, then you must also
   enter the Current Root Password.

   Figure 2.12 MySQL Installer - MySQL Server Configuration:
   User Accounts and Roles
   MySQL Installer - MySQL Server Configuration: User Accounts
   and Roles

   Figure 2.13 MySQL Installer - MySQL Server Configuration:
   User Accounts and Roles: Adding a User
   MySQL Installer - MySQL Server Configuration: User Accounts
   and Roles: Adding a User

Windows Service

   Next, configure the Windows Service details. This includes
   the service name, whether the MySQL Server should be loaded
   at startup, and how the Windows Service for MySQL Server is
   executed.

   Figure 2.14 MySQL Installer - MySQL Server Configuration:
   Windows Service
   MySQL Installer - MySQL Server Configuration: Windows Service
   Note

   When configuring Run Windows Services as ... using a Custom
   User, the custom user must have privileges to log on to
   Microsoft Windows as a service. And the Next button will be
   disabled until this user is configured with these user
   rights.

   On Microsoft Windows 7, this is configured by loading the
   Start Menu, Control Panel, Administrative Tools, Local
   Security Policy, Local Policies, User Rights Assignment, then
   Log On As A Service. Choose Add User or Group here to add the
   custom user, and then OK, OK to save.

Advanced Options

   The next configuration step is available if the Advanced
   Configuration option was checked. This section includes
   options that are related to the MySQL log files:

   Figure 2.15 MySQL Installer - MySQL Server Configuration:
   Logging Options
   MySQL Installer - MySQL Server Configuration: Logging Options

   Click Next to continue on to the final page before all of the
   requested changes are applied. This Apply Server
   Configuration page details the configuration steps that will
   be performed.

   Figure 2.16 MySQL Installer - MySQL Server Configuration:
   Apply Server Configuration
   MySQL Installer - MySQL Server Configuration: Apply Server
   Configuration

   Click Execute to execute the configuration steps. The icon
   for each step toggles from white to green on success, or the
   process stops on failure. Click the Log tab to view the log.

   After the MySQL Installer configuration process is finished,
   MySQL Installer reloads the opening page where you can
   execute other installation and configuration related actions.

   MySQL Installer is added to the Microsoft Windows Start menu
   under the MySQL group. Opening MySQL Installer loads its
   dashboard where installed MySQL products are listed, and
   other MySQL Installer actions are available:

   Figure 2.17 MySQL Installer - Main Dashboard
   MySQL Installer - Main Dashboard

Adding MySQL Products

   Click Add to add new products. This loads the Select Products
   and Features page:

   Figure 2.18 MySQL Installer - Select Products and Features
   MySQL Installer - Select Products and Features

   From here, choose the MySQL products you want to install from
   the left Available Products pane, and then click the green
   right arrow to queue products for installation.

   Optionally, click Edit to open the product and features
   search filter:

   Figure 2.19 MySQL Installer - Select Products and Features
   Filter
   MySQL Installer - Select Products and Features Filter

   For example, you might choose to include Pre-Release products
   in your selections, such as a Beta product that has not yet
   reached GA status.
   Note

   The ability to install Pre-Release versions of MySQL products
   was added in MySQL Installer 1.4.0.

   Select all of the MySQL products you want to install, then
   click Next to continue, and then Execute to execute the
   installation process to install all of the selected products.

2.3.3.1.1 MySQL Product Catalog

   MySQL Installer stores a MySQL product catalog. The catalog
   can be updated either manually or automatically, and the
   catalog change history is also available.
   Note

   The MySQL product catalog was added in MySQL Installer 1.4.0.

   Manual updates

   You can update the MySQL product catalog at any time by
   clicking Catalog on the Installer dashboard.

   Figure 2.20 MySQL Installer - Open the MySQL Product Catalog
   MySQL Installer - Open the MySQL Product Catalog

   From there, click Execute to update the product catalog.

   Automatic updates

   You can configure MySQL Installer to automatically update the
   MySQL product catalog once per day. To enable this feature
   and set the update time, click the wrench icon on the
   Installer dashboard.

   The next window configures the Automatic Catalog Update.
   Enable or disable this feature, and also set the hour.

   Figure 2.21 MySQL Installer - Configure the Catalog Scheduler
   MySQL Installer - Configure the Catalog Scheduler

   This option uses the Windows Task Scheduler to schedule a
   task named "ManifestUpdate".

   Change History

   MySQL Installer tracks the change history for all of the
   MySQL products. Click Catalog from the dashboard, optionally
   update the catalog (or, toggle the Do not update at this time
   checkbox), click Next/Execute, and then view the change
   history.

   Figure 2.22 MySQL Installer - Catalog Change History
   MySQL Installer - Catalog Change History

2.3.3.1.2 Remove MySQL Products

   MySQL Installer can also remove MySQL products from your
   system. To remove a MySQL product, click Remove from the
   Installer dashboard. This opens a window with a list of
   installed MySQL products. Select the MySQL products you want
   to remove (uninstall), and then click Execute to begin the
   removal process.
   Note

   To select all MySQL products, click the [ ] checkbox to the
   left of the Product label.

   Figure 2.23 MySQL Installer - Removing Products: Select
   MySQL Installer - Removing Products: Select

   Figure 2.24 MySQL Installer - Removing Products: Executed
   MySQL Installer - Removing Products: Executed

2.3.3.1.3 Alter MySQL Products

   MySQL Installer offers several options to alter your MySQL
   product installations.

Upgrade

   MySQL products with an available upgrade are highlighted on
   the main dashboard. Products with available upgrades will
   have an upgrade icon next to their version number.

   Figure 2.25 MySQL Installer - Upgrade a MySQL Product
   MySQL Installer - Upgrade a MySQL Product
   Note

   Available upgrades are determined by having a current
   catalog. For information about keeping your MySQL product
   catalog current, see Section 2.3.3.1.1, "MySQL Product
   Catalog."

   Click Upgrade to view a list upgradable products. Our example
   indicates that MySQL server 5.6.19 can be upgraded to version
   5.6.20.

   Figure 2.26 MySQL Installer - Select Products To Upgrade
   MySQL Installer - Select Products To Upgrade

   Select (check) the products to upgrade, and optionally click
   the changes link to view the product's release notes in your
   browser. Click Next to begin the upgrade process.

   Figure 2.27 MySQL Installer - Apply Updates
   MySQL Installer - Apply Updates

   A MySQL server upgrade will also check and upgrade the
   server's database. Although optional, this step is
   recommended.

   Figure 2.28 MySQL Installer - Check and Upgrade Database
   MySQL Installer - Check and Upgrade Database

   Upon completion, your upgraded products will be upgraded and
   available to use. A MySQL server upgrade also restarts the
   MySQL server.

Reconfigure

   Some MySQL products, such as the MySQL server, include a
   Reconfigure option. It opens the same configuration options
   that were set when the MySQL product was installed, and is
   pre-populated with the current values.

   To execute, click the Reconfigure link under the Quick Action
   column on the main dashboard for the MySQL product that you
   want to reconfigure.

   Figure 2.29 MySQL Installer - Reconfigure a MySQL Product
   MySQL Installer - Reconfigure a MySQL Product

   In the case of the MySQL server, this opens the familiar
   configuration wizard.

   Figure 2.30 MySQL Installer - Reconfiguration Wizard
   MySQL Installer - Reconfiguration Wizard

Modify

   Many MySQL products contain feature components that can be
   added or removed. For example, Debug binaries and Client
   Programs are subcomponents of the MySQL server.

   The modify the features of a product, click Modify on the
   main dashboard.

   Figure 2.31 MySQL Installer - Modify Product Features
   MySQL Installer - Modify Product Features

   Click Execute to execute the modification request.

2.3.3.2 MySQL Installer Console

   MySQLInstallerConsole provides functionality similar to the
   GUI version of MySQL Installer, but from the command-line. It
   is installed when MySQL Installer is initially executed, and
   then available within the MySQL Installer directory.
   Typically that is in C:\Program Files (x86)\MySQL\MySQL
   Installer\, and the console must be executed with
   administrative privileges.

   To use, invoke the Command Prompt with administrative
   privileges by choosing Start, Accessories, then right-click
   on Command Prompt and choose Run as administrator. And from
   the command-line, optionally change the directory to where
   MySQLInstallerConsole is located:
C:\> cd "C:\Program Files (x86)\MySQL\MySQL Installer"
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole.exe help

C:\Program Files (x86)\MySQL\MySQL Installer for Windows>MySQLInstalle
rConsole.exe help

The following commands are available:

Configure - Configures one or more of your installed programs.
Help      - Provides list of available commands.
Install   - Install and configure one or more available MySQL programs
.
List      - Provides an interactive way to list all products available
.
Modify    - Modifies the features of installed products.
Remove    - Removes one or more products from your system.
Status    - Shows the status of all installed products.
Update    - Update the current product catalog.
Upgrade   - Upgrades one or more of your installed programs.

   MySQLInstallerConsole supports the following options, which
   are specified on the command line:

     * configure [product1]:[setting]=[value];
       [product2]:[setting]=[value]; [...]
       Configure one or more MySQL products on your system.
       Switches include:

          + -showsettings : Displays the available options for
            the selected product, by passing in the product name
            after -showsettings.

          + -silent : Disable confirmation prompts.
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole configure -showsettings server
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole configure server:port=3307


     * help [command]
       Displays a help message with usage examples, and then
       exits. Pass in an additional command to receive help
       specific to that command.
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole help
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole help install


     * install [product]:[features]:[config block]:[config
       block]:[config block]; [...]
       Install one or more MySQL products on your system.
       Switches and syntax options include:

          + -type=[SetupType] : Installs a predefined set of
            software. The "SetupType" can be one of the
            following:
            Note
            Non-custom setup types can only be chosen if no
            other MySQL products are installed.
               o Developer: Installs a complete development
                 environment.
               o Server: Installs a single MySQL server
               o Client: Installs client programs and libraries
               o Full: Installs everything
               o Custom: Installs user selected products. This
                 is the default option.

          + -showsettings : Displays the available options for
            the selected product, by passing in the product name
            after -showsettings.

          + -silent : Disable confirmation prompts.

          + [config block]: One or more configuration blocks can
            be specified. Each configuration block is a
            semicolon separated list of key value pairs. A block
            can include either a "config" or "user" type key,
            where "config" is the default type if one is not
            defined.
            Only one "config" type block can be defined per
            product. A "user" block should be defined for each
            user that should be created during the product's
            installation.
            Note
            Adding users is not supported when a product is
            being reconfigured.

          + [feature]: The feature block is a semicolon
            separated list of features, or '*' to select all
            features.
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole install server;5.6.20:*:port=3307;serverid=
2:type=user;username=foo;password=bar;role=DBManager


     * list
       Lists an interactive console where all of the available
       MySQL products can be searched. Execute
       MySQLInstallerConsole list to launch the console, and
       enter in a substring to search.
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole list


     * modify [product1:-removelist|+addlist]
       [product2:-removelist|+addlist] [...]
       Modifies or displays features of a previously installed
       MySQL product.

          + -silent : Disable confirmation prompts.
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole modify server
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole modify server:+documentation
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole modify server:-debug


     * remove [product1] [product2] [...]
       Removes one ore more products from your system.

          + * : Pass in * to remove all of the MySQL products.

          + -continue : Continue the operation even if an error
            occurs.

          + -silent : Disable confirmation prompts.
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole remove *
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole remove server


     * status
       Provides a quick overview of the MySQL products that are
       installed on the system. Information includes product
       name and version, architecture, date installed, and
       install location.
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole status


     * upgrade [product1:version] [product2:version], [...]
       Upgrades one or more products on your system. Syntax
       options include:

          + * : Pass in * to upgrade all products to the latest
            version, or pass in specific products.

          + ! : Pass in ! as a version number to upgrade the
            MySQL product to its latest version.

          + -silent : Disable confirmation prompts.
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole upgrade *
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole upgrade workbench:6.2.2
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole upgrade workbench:!
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole upgrade workbench:6.2.2 excel:1.3.2


     * update
       Downloads the latest MySQL product catalog to your
       system. On success, the download catalog will be applied
       the next time either MySQLInstaller or
       MySQLInstallerConsole is executed.
C:\> MySQLInstallerConsole update

       Note
       The Automatic Catalog Update GUI option executes this
       command from the Windows Task Scheduler.

2.3.4 MySQL Notifier

   The MySQL Notifier is a tool that enables you to monitor and
   adjust the status of your local and remote MySQL Server
   instances through an indicator that resides in the system
   tray. The MySQL Notifier also gives quick access to several
   MySQL GUI tools (such as MySQL Workbench) through its context
   menu.

   The MySQL Notifier is installed by MySQL Installer, and (by
   default) will start-up when Microsoft Windows is started.
   Note

   To install, download and execute the MySQL Installer
   (http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/installer/), be sure the
   MySQL Notifier product is selected, then proceed with the
   installation. See the MySQL Installer manual for additional
   details.

   For notes detailing the changes in each release of MySQL
   Notifier, see the MySQL Notifier Release Notes
   (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql-notifier/en/).

   Visit the MySQL Notifier forum
   (http://forums.mysql.com/list.php?173) for additional MySQL
   Notifier help and support.

   Features include:

     * Start, Stop, and Restart instances of the MySQL Server.

     * Automatically detects (and adds) new MySQL Server
       services. These are listed under Manage Monitored Items,
       and may also be configured.

     * The Tray icon changes, depending on the status. It's
       green if all monitored MySQL Server instances are
       running, or red if at least one service is stopped. The
       Update MySQL Notifier tray icon based on service status
       option, which dictates this behavior, is enabled by
       default for each service.

     * Links to other applications like MySQL Workbench, MySQL
       Installer, and the MySQL Utilities. For example, choosing
       Configure Instance will load the MySQL Workbench Server
       Administration window for that particular instance.

     * If MySQL Workbench is also installed, then the Configure
       Instance and SQL Editor options are available for local
       (but not remote) MySQL instances.

     * Monitoring of both local and remote MySQL instances.

   Note

   Remote monitoring is available since MySQL Notifier 1.1.0.

   The MySQL Notifier resides in the system tray and provides
   visual status information for your MySQL Server instances. A
   green icon is displayed at the top left corner of the tray
   icon if the current MySQL Server is running, or a red icon if
   the service is stopped.

   The MySQL Notifier automatically adds discovered MySQL
   Services on the local machine, and each service is saved and
   configurable. By default, the Automatically add new services
   whose name contains option is enabled and set to mysql.
   Related Notifications Options include being notified when new
   services are either discovered or experience status changes,
   and are also enabled by default. And uninstalling a service
   will also remove the service from the MySQL Notifier.
   Note

   The Automatically add new services whose name contains option
   default changed from ".*mysqld.*" to "mysql" in Notifier
   1.1.0.

   Clicking the system tray icon will reveal several options, as
   seen in the screenshots below:

   The Service Instance menu is the main MySQL Notifier window,
   and enables you to Stop, Start, and Restart the MySQL Server.

   Figure 2.32 MySQL Notifier Service Instance menu
   MySQL Notifier Service Instance menu

   The Actions menu includes several links to external
   applications (if they are installed), and a Refresh Status
   option to manually refresh the status of all monitored
   services (in both local and remote computers) and MySQL
   instances.
   Note

   The main menu will not show the Actions menu when there are
   no services being monitored by MySQL Notifier.
   Note

   The Refresh Status feature is available since MySQL Notifier
   1.1.0.

   Figure 2.33 MySQL Notifier Actions menu
   MySQL Notifier Actions menu

   The Actions, Options menu configures MySQL Notifier and
   includes options to:

     * Use colorful status icons: Enables a colorful style of
       icons for the tray of the MySQL Notifier.

     * Run at Windows Startup: Allows the application to be
       loaded when Microsoft Windows starts.

     * Automatically Check For Updates Every # Weeks: Checks for
       a new version of MySQL Notifier, and runs this check
       every # weeks.

     * Automatically add new services whose name contains: The
       text used to filter services and add them automatically
       to the monitored list of the local computer running MySQL
       Notifier, and on remote computers already monitoring
       Windows services. monitored services, and also filters
       the list of the Microsoft Windows services for the Add
       New Service dialog.
       Prior to version 1.1.0, this option was named
       "Automatically add new services that match this pattern."

     * Notify me when a service is automatically added: Will
       display a balloon notification from the taskbar when a
       newly discovered service is added to the monitored
       services list.

     * Notify me when a service changes status: Will display a
       balloon notification from the taskbar when a monitored
       service changes its status.

   Figure 2.34 MySQL Notifier Options menu
   MySQL Notifier Options menu

   The Actions, Manage Monitored Items menu enables you to
   configure the monitored services and MySQL instances. First,
   with the Services tab open:

   Figure 2.35 MySQL Notifier Manage Services menu
   MySQL Notifier Manage Services menu

   The Instances tab is similar:

   Figure 2.36 MySQL Notifier Manage Instances menu
   MySQL Notifier Manage Instances menu

   Adding a service or instance (after clicking Add in the
   Manage Monitored Items window) enables you to select a
   running Microsoft Windows service or instance connection, and
   configure MySQL Notifier to monitor it. Add a new service or
   instance by clicking service name from the list, then OK to
   accept. Multiple services and instances may be selected.

   Figure 2.37 MySQL Notifier Adding new services
   MySQL Notifier Adding new services

   And instances:

   Figure 2.38 MySQL Notifier Adding new instances
   MySQL Notifier Adding new instances
   Note

   The Instances tab available since MySQL Notifier 1.1.0.

2.3.4.1 Remote monitoring set up and installation instructions

   The MySQL Notifier uses Windows Management Instrumentation
   (WMI) to manage and monitor services in remote computers
   running Windows XP or later. This guide explains how it
   works, and how to set up your system to monitor remote MySQL
   instances.
   Note

   Remote monitoring is available since MySQL Notifier 1.1.0.

   In order to configure WMI, it is important to understand that
   the underlying Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)
   architecture is doing the WMI work. Specifically, MySQL
   Notifier is using asynchronous notification queries on remote
   Microsoft Windows hosts as .NET events. These events send an
   asynchronous callback to the computer running the MySQL
   Notifier so it knows when a service status has changed on the
   remote computer. Asynchronous notifications offer the best
   performance compared to semisynchronous notifications or
   synchronous notifications that use timers.

   Asynchronous notifications requires the remote computer to
   send a callback to the client computer (thus opening a
   reverse connection), so the Windows Firewall and DCOM
   settings must be properly configured for the communication to
   function properly.

   Figure 2.39 MySQL Notifier Distributed Component Object Model
   (DCOM)
   MySQL Notifier Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)

   Most of the common errors thrown by asynchronous WMI
   notifications are related to Windows Firewall blocking the
   communication, or to DCOM / WMI settings not being set up
   properly. For a list of common errors with solutions, see
   Section 2.3.4.1, "."

   The following steps are required to make WMI function. These
   steps are divided between two machines. A single host
   computer that runs MySQL Notifier (Computer A), and multiple
   remote machines that are being monitored (Computer B).

Computer running MySQL Notifier (Computer A)


    1. Allow for remote administration by either editing the
       Group Policy Editor, or using NETSH:
       Using the Group Policy Editor:
         a. Click Start, click Run, type GPEDIT.MSC, and then
            click OK.
         b. Under the Local Computer Policy heading,
            double-click Computer Configuration.
         c. Double-click Administrative Templates, then Network,
            Network Connections, and then Windows Firewall.
         d. If the computer is in the domain, then double-click
            Domain Profile; otherwise, double-click Standard
            Profile.
         e. Click Windows Firewall: Allow inbound remote
            administration exception.
         f. On the Action menu either select Edit, or
            double-click the selection from the previous step.
         g. Check the Enabled radio button, and then click OK.
       Using the NETSH command:
         a. Open a command prompt window with Administrative
            rights (you can right-click the Command Prompt icon
            and click Run as Administrator).
         b. Execute the following command:
NETSH firewall set service RemoteAdmin enable


    2. Open the DCOM port TCP 135:
         a. Open a command prompt window with Administrative
            rights (you can right-click the Command Prompt icon
            and click Run as Administrator) .
         b. Execute the following command:
NETSH firewall add portopening protocol=tcp port=135 name=DCOM_TCP135


    3. Add the client application which contains the sink for
       the callback (MySqlNotifier.exe) to the Windows Firewall
       Exceptions List (use either the Windows Firewall
       configuration or NETSH):
       Using the Windows Firewall configuration:
         a. In the Control Panel, double-click Windows Firewall.
         b. In the Windows Firewall window's left panel, click
            Allow a program or feature through Windows Firewall.
         c. In the Allowed Programs window, click Change
            Settings.
         d. If MySqlNotifier.exe is in the Allowed programs and
            features list, make sure it is checked for the type
            of networks the computer connects to (Private,
            Public or both).
         e. If MySqlNotifier.exe is not in the list, click Allow
            another program....
         f. In the Add a Program window, select the
            MySqlNotifier.exe if it exists in the Programs list,
            otherwise click Browse... and go to the directory
            where MySqlNotifier.exe was installed to select it,
            then click Add.
         g. Make sure MySqlNotifier.exe is checked for the type
            of networks the computer connects to (Private,
            Public or both).
       Using the NETSH command:
         a. Open a command prompt window with Administrative
            rights (you can right-click the Command Prompt icon
            and click Run as Administrator).
         b. Execute the following command, where you change
            "[YOUR_INSTALL_DIRECTORY]":
NETSH firewall add allowedprogram program=[YOUR_INSTALL_DIRECTORY]\MyS
qlNotifier.exe name=MySqlNotifier


    4. If Computer B is either a member of WORKGROUP or is in a
       different domain that is untrusted by Computer A, then
       the callback connection (Connection 2) is created as an
       Anonymous connection. To grant Anonymous connections DCOM
       Remote Access permissions:
         a. Click Start, click Run, type DCOMCNFG, and then
            click OK.
         b. In the Component Services dialog box, expand
            Component Services, expand Computers, and then
            right-click My Computer and click Properties.
         c. In the My Computer Properties dialog box, click the
            COM Security tab.
         d. Under Access Permissions, click Edit Limits.
         e. In the Access Permission dialog box, select
            ANONYMOUS LOGON name in the Group or user names box.
            In the Allow column under Permissions for User,
            select Remote Access, and then click OK.

Monitored Remote Computer (Computer B)

   If the user account that is logged into the computer running
   the MySQL Notifier (Computer A) is a local administrator on
   the remote computer (Computer B), such that the same account
   is an administrator on Computer B, you can skip to the "Allow
   for remote administration" step.

   Setting DCOM security to allow a non-administrator user to
   access a computer remotely:

    1. Grant "DCOM remote launch" and activation permissions for
       a user or group:
         a. Click Start, click Run, type DCOMCNFG, and then
            click OK.
         b. In the Component Services dialog box, expand
            Component Services, expand Computers, and then
            right-click My Computer and click Properties.
         c. In the My Computer Properties dialog box, click the
            COM Security tab.
         d. Under Access Permissions, click Edit Limits.
         e. In the Launch Permission dialog box, follow these
            steps if your name or your group does not appear in
            the Groups or user names list:
              i. In the Launch Permission dialog box, click Add.
             ii. In the Select Users, Computers, or Groups
                 dialog box, add your name and the group in the
                 "Enter the object names to select" box, and
                 then click OK.
         f. In the Launch Permission dialog box, select your
            user and group in the Group or user names box. In
            the Allow column under Permissions for User, select
            Remote Launch, select Remote Activation, and then
            click OK.
       Grant DCOM remote access permissions:
         a. Click Start, click Run, type DCOMCNFG, and then
            click OK.
         b. In the Component Services dialog box, expand
            Component Services, expand Computers, and then
            right-click My Computer and click Properties.
         c. In the My Computer Properties dialog box, click the
            COM Security tab.
         d. Under Access Permissions, click Edit Limits.
         e. In the Access Permission dialog box, select
            ANONYMOUS LOGON name in the Group or user names box.
            In the Allow column under Permissions for User,
            select Remote Access, and then click OK.

    2. Allowing non-administrator users access to a specific WMI
       namespace:
         a. In the Control Panel, double-click Administrative
            Tools.
         b. In the Administrative Tools window, double-click
            Computer Management.
         c. In the Computer Management window, expand the
            Services and Applications tree and double-click the
            WMI Control.
         d. Right-click the WMI Control icon and select
            Properties.
         e. In the WMI Control Properties window, click the
            Security tab.
         f. In the Security tab, select the namespace and click
            Security.
         g. Locate the appropriate account and check Remote
            Enable in the Permissions list.

    3. Allow for remote administration by either editing the
       Group Policy Editor or using NETSH:
       Using the Group Policy Editor:
         a. Click Start, click Run, type GPEDIT.MSC, and then
            click OK.
         b. Under the Local Computer Policy heading,
            double-click Computer Configuration.
         c. Double-click Administrative Templates, then Network,
            Network Connections, and then Windows Firewall.
         d. If the computer is in the domain, then double-click
            Domain Profile; otherwise, double-click Standard
            Profile.
         e. Click Windows Firewall: Allow inbound remote
            administration exception.
         f. On the Action menu either select Edit, or
            double-click the selection from the previous step.
         g. Check the Enabled radio button, and then click OK.
       Using the NETSH command:
         a. Open a command prompt window with Administrative
            rights (you can right-click the Command Prompt icon
            and click Run as Administrator).
         b. Execute the following command:
NETSH firewall set service RemoteAdmin enable


    4. Now, be sure the user you are logging in with uses the
       Name value and not the Full Name value:
         a. In the Control Panel, double-click Administrative
            Tools.
         b. In the Administrative Tools window, double-click
            Computer Management.
         c. In the Computer Management window, expand the System
            Tools then Local Users and Groups.
         d. Click the Users node, and on the right side panel
            locate your user and make sure it uses the Name
            value to connect, and not the Full Name value.

    5. If the remote computer is running on Windows XP
       Professional, make sure that remote logins are not being
       forcefully changed to the guest account user (also known
       as ForceGuest), which is enabled by default on computers
       that are not attached to a domain.
         a. Click Start, click Run, type SECPOL.MSC, and then
            click OK.
         b. Under the Local Policies node, double-click Security
            Options.
         c. Select Network Access: Sharing and security model
            for local accounts and save.

Common Errors


     * 0x80070005

          + DCOM Security was not configured properly (see
            Computer B, the Setting DCOM security... step).

          + The remote computer (Computer B) is a member of
            WORKGROUP or is in a domain that is untrusted by the
            client computer (Computer A) (see Computer A, the
            Grant Anonymous connections DCOM Remote Access
            permissions step).

     * 0x8007000E

          + The remote computer (Computer B) is a member of
            WORKGROUP or is in a domain that is untrusted by the
            client computer (Computer A) (see Computer A, the
            Grant Anonymous connections DCOM Remote Access
            permissions step).

     * 0x80041003

          + Access to the remote WMI namespace was not
            configured properly (see Computer B, the Allowing
            non-administrator users access to a specific WMI
            namespace step).

     * 0x800706BA

          + The DCOM port is not open on the client computers
            (Computer A) firewall. See the Open the DCOM port
            TCP 135 step for Computer A.

          + The remote computer (Computer B) is inaccessible
            because its network location is set to Public. Make
            sure you can access it through the Windows Explorer.

2.3.5 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using an MSI Package

   The MSI package is designed to install and configure MySQL in
   such a way that you can immediately get started using MySQL.

   The MySQL Installation Wizard and MySQL Configuration Wizard
   are available in the Complete install package, which is
   recommended for most standard MySQL installations. Exceptions
   include users who need to install multiple instances of MySQL
   on a single server host and advanced users who want complete
   control of server configuration.

     * For information on installing using the GUI MSI installer
       process, see Section 2.3.5.1, "Using the MySQL
       Installation Wizard."

     * For information on installing using the command line
       using the MSI package, see Section 2.3.5.2, "Automating
       MySQL Installation on Microsoft Windows Using the MSI
       Package."

     * If you have previously installed MySQL using the MSI
       package and want to remove MySQL, see Section 2.3.5.3,
       "Removing MySQL When Installed from the MSI Package."

   The workflow sequence for using the installer is shown in the
   figure below:

   Figure 2.40 Installation Workflow for Windows Using MSI
   Installer
   Installation Workflow for Windows using MSI Installer
   Note

   Microsoft Windows XP and later include a firewall which
   specifically blocks ports. If you plan on using MySQL through
   a network port then you should open and create an exception
   for this port before performing the installation. To check
   and if necessary add an exception to the firewall settings:

    1. First ensure that you are logged in as an Administrator
       or a user with Administrator privileges.

    2. Go to the Control Panel, and double click the Windows
       Firewall icon.

    3. Choose the Allow a program through Windows Firewall
       option and click the Add port button.

    4. Enter MySQL into the Name text box and 3306 (or the port
       of your choice) into the Port number text box.

    5. Also ensure that the TCP protocol radio button is
       selected.

    6. If you wish, you can also limit access to the MySQL
       server by choosing the Change scope button.

    7. Confirm your choices by clicking the OK button.

   Additionally, when running the MySQL Installation Wizard on
   Windows Vista or newer, ensure that you are logged in as a
   user with administrative rights.
   Note

   When using Windows Vista or newer, you may want to disable
   User Account Control (UAC) before performing the
   installation. If you do not do so, then MySQL may be
   identified as a security risk, which will mean that you need
   to enable MySQL. You can disable the security checking by
   following these instructions:

    1. Open Control Panel.

    2. Under the User Accounts and Family Safety, select Add or
       remove user accounts.

    3. Click the Got to the main User Accounts page link.

    4. Click on Turn User Account Control on or off. You may be
       prompted to provide permission to change this setting.
       Click Continue.

    5. Deselect or uncheck the check box next to Use User
       Account Control (UAC) to help protect your computer.
       Click OK to save the setting.

   You will need to restart to complete the process. Click
   Restart Now to reboot the machine and apply the changes. You
   can then follow the instructions below for installing
   Windows.

2.3.5.1 Using the MySQL Installation Wizard

   MySQL Installation Wizard is an installer for the MySQL
   server that uses the latest installer technologies for
   Microsoft Windows. The MySQL Installation Wizard, in
   combination with the MySQL Configuration Wizard, enables a
   user to install and configure a MySQL server that is ready
   for use immediately after installation.

   The MySQL Installation Wizard is the standard installer for
   all MySQL server distributions, version 4.1.5 and higher.
   Users of previous versions of MySQL need to shut down and
   remove their existing MySQL installations manually before
   installing MySQL with the MySQL Installation Wizard. See
   Section 2.3.5.1.6, "Upgrading MySQL with the Installation
   Wizard," for more information on upgrading from a previous
   version.

   Microsoft has included an improved version of their Microsoft
   Windows Installer (MSI) in the recent versions of Windows.
   MSI has become the de-facto standard for application
   installations on Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server
   2003. The MySQL Installation Wizard makes use of this
   technology to provide a smoother and more flexible
   installation process.

   The Microsoft Windows Installer Engine was updated with the
   release of Windows XP; those using a previous version of
   Windows can reference this Microsoft Knowledge Base article
   (http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;2925
   39) for information on upgrading to the latest version of the
   Windows Installer Engine.

   In addition, Microsoft has introduced the WiX (Windows
   Installer XML) toolkit recently. This is the first highly
   acknowledged Open Source project from Microsoft. We have
   switched to WiX because it is an Open Source project and it
   enables us to handle the complete Windows installation
   process in a flexible manner using scripts.

   Improving the MySQL Installation Wizard depends on the
   support and feedback of users like you. If you find that the
   MySQL Installation Wizard is lacking some feature important
   to you, or if you discover a bug, please report it in our
   bugs database using the instructions given in Section 1.7,
   "How to Report Bugs or Problems."

2.3.5.1.1 Downloading and Starting the MySQL Installation Wizard

   The MySQL installation packages can be downloaded from
   http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/. If the package you download
   is contained within a Zip archive, you need to extract the
   archive first.
   Note

   If you are installing on Windows Vista or newer, it is best
   to open a network port before beginning the installation. To
   do this, first ensure that you are logged in as an
   Administrator, go to the Control Panel, and double-click the
   Windows Firewall icon. Choose the Allow a program through
   Windows Firewall option and click the Add port button. Enter
   MySQL into the Name text box and 3306 (or the port of your
   choice) into the Port number text box. Also ensure that the
   TCP protocol radio button is selected. If you wish, you can
   also limit access to the MySQL server by choosing the Change
   scope button. Confirm your choices by clicking the OK button.
   If you do not open a port prior to installation, you cannot
   configure the MySQL server immediately after installation.
   Additionally, when running the MySQL Installation Wizard on
   Windows Vista or newer, ensure that you are logged in as a
   user with administrative rights.

   The process for starting the wizard depends on the contents
   of the installation package you download. If there is a
   setup.exe file present, double-click it to start the
   installation process. If there is an .msi file present,
   double-click it to start the installation process.

2.3.5.1.2 Choosing an Install Type

   There are three installation types available: Typical,
   Complete, and Custom.

   The Typical installation type installs the MySQL server, the
   mysql command-line client, and the command-line utilities.
   The command-line clients and utilities include mysqldump,
   myisamchk, and several other tools to help you manage the
   MySQL server.

   The Complete installation type installs all components
   included in the installation package. The full installation
   package includes components such as the embedded server
   library, the benchmark suite, support scripts, and
   documentation.

   The Custom installation type gives you complete control over
   which packages you wish to install and the installation path
   that is used. See Section 2.3.5.1.3, "The Custom Install
   Dialog," for more information on performing a custom install.

   If you choose the Typical or Complete installation types and
   click the Next button, you advance to the confirmation screen
   to verify your choices and begin the installation. If you
   choose the Custom installation type and click the Next
   button, you advance to the custom installation dialog,
   described in Section 2.3.5.1.3, "The Custom Install Dialog."

2.3.5.1.3 The Custom Install Dialog

   If you wish to change the installation path or the specific
   components that are installed by the MySQL Installation
   Wizard, choose the Custom installation type.

   A tree view on the left side of the custom install dialog
   lists all available components. Components that are not
   installed have a red X icon; components that are installed
   have a gray icon. To change whether a component is installed,
   click that component's icon and choose a new option from the
   drop-down list that appears.

   You can change the default installation path by clicking the
   Change... button to the right of the displayed installation
   path.

   After choosing your installation components and installation
   path, click the Next button to advance to the confirmation
   dialog.

2.3.5.1.4 The Confirmation Dialog

   Once you choose an installation type and optionally choose
   your installation components, you advance to the confirmation
   dialog. Your installation type and installation path are
   displayed for you to review.

   To install MySQL if you are satisfied with your settings,
   click the Install button. To change your settings, click the
   Back button. To exit the MySQL Installation Wizard without
   installing MySQL, click the Cancel button.

   The final screen of the installer provides a summary of the
   installation and gives you the option to launch the MySQL
   Configuration Wizard, which you can use to create a
   configuration file, install the MySQL service, and configure
   security settings.

2.3.5.1.5 Changes Made by MySQL Installation Wizard

   Once you click the Install button, the MySQL Installation
   Wizard begins the installation process and makes certain
   changes to your system which are described in the sections
   that follow.

   Changes to the Registry

   The MySQL Installation Wizard creates one Windows registry
   key in a typical install situation, located in
   HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\MySQL AB.

   The MySQL Installation Wizard creates a key named after the
   major version of the server that is being installed, such as
   MySQL Server 5.5. It contains two string values, Location and
   Version. The Location string contains the path to the
   installation directory. In a default installation it contains
   C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\. The Version string
   contains the release number. For example, for an installation
   of MySQL Server 5.5.42, the key contains a value of 5.5.42.

   These registry keys are used to help external tools identify
   the installed location of the MySQL server, preventing a
   complete scan of the hard-disk to determine the installation
   path of the MySQL server. The registry keys are not required
   to run the server, and if you install MySQL using the
   noinstall Zip archive, the registry keys are not created.

   Changes to the Start Menu

   The MySQL Installation Wizard creates a new entry in the
   Windows Start menu under a common MySQL menu heading named
   after the major version of MySQL that you have installed. For
   example, if you install MySQL 5.5, the MySQL Installation
   Wizard creates a MySQL Server 5.5 section in the Start menu.

   The following entries are created within the new Start menu
   section:

     * MySQL Command-Line Client: This is a shortcut to the
       mysql command-line client and is configured to connect as
       the root user. The shortcut prompts for a root user
       password when you connect.

     * MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard: This is a shortcut
       to the MySQL Configuration Wizard. Use this shortcut to
       configure a newly installed server, or to reconfigure an
       existing server.

     * MySQL Documentation: This is a link to the MySQL server
       documentation that is stored locally in the MySQL server
       installation directory.

   Changes to the File System

   The MySQL Installation Wizard by default installs the MySQL
   5.5 server to C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5, where
   Program Files is the default location for applications in
   your system, and 5.5 is the major version of your MySQL
   server. This is the recommended location for the MySQL
   server, replacing the former default location C:\mysql.

   By default, all MySQL applications are stored in a common
   directory at C:\Program Files\MySQL, where Program Files is
   the default location for applications in your Windows
   installation. A typical MySQL installation on a developer
   machine might look like this:
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Workbench 5.1 OSS

   This approach makes it easier to manage and maintain all
   MySQL applications installed on a particular system.

   The default location of the data directory is the AppData
   directory configured for the user that installed the MySQL
   application.

2.3.5.1.6 Upgrading MySQL with the Installation Wizard

   The MySQL Installation Wizard can perform server upgrades
   automatically using the upgrade capabilities of MSI. That
   means you do not need to remove a previous installation
   manually before installing a new release. The installer
   automatically shuts down and removes the previous MySQL
   service before installing the new version.

   Automatic upgrades are available only when upgrading between
   installations that have the same major and minor version
   numbers. For example, you can upgrade automatically from
   MySQL 5.5.5 to MySQL 5.5.6, but not from MySQL 5.1 to MySQL
   5.5.

   See Section 2.3.9, "Upgrading MySQL on Windows."

2.3.5.2 Automating MySQL Installation on Microsoft Windows Using
the MSI Package

   The Microsoft Installer (MSI) supports a both a quiet and a
   passive mode that can be used to install MySQL automatically
   without requiring intervention. You can use this either in
   scripts to automatically install MySQL or through a terminal
   connection such as Telnet where you do not have access to the
   standard Windows user interface. The MSI packages can also be
   used in combination with Microsoft's Group Policy system
   (part of Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008) to
   install MySQL across multiple machines.

   To install MySQL from one of the MSI packages automatically
   from the command line (or within a script), you need to use
   the msiexec.exe tool. For example, to perform a quiet
   installation (which shows no dialog boxes or progress):
shell> msiexec /i mysql-5.5.42.msi /quiet

   The /i indicates that you want to perform an installation.
   The /quiet option indicates that you want no interactive
   elements.

   To provide a dialog box showing the progress during
   installation, and the dialog boxes providing information on
   the installation and registration of MySQL, use /passive mode
   instead of /quiet:
shell> msiexec /i mysql-5.5.42.msi /passive

   Regardless of the mode of the installation, installing the
   package in this manner performs a 'Typical' installation, and
   installs the default components into the standard location.

   You can also use this method to uninstall MySQL by using the
   /uninstall or /x options:
shell> msiexec /x mysql-5.5.42.msi /uninstall

   To install MySQL and configure a MySQL instance from the
   command line, see Section 2.3.6.13, "MySQL Server Instance
   Config Wizard: Creating an Instance from the Command Line."

   For information on using MSI packages to install software
   automatically using Group Policy, see How to use Group Policy
   to remotely install software in Windows Server 2003
   (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/816102).

2.3.5.3 Removing MySQL When Installed from the MSI Package

   To uninstall a MySQL where you have used the MSI packages,
   you must use the Add/Remove Programs tool within Control
   Panel. To do this:

    1. Right-click the start menu and choose Control Panel.

    2. If the Control Panel is set to category mode (you will
       see Pick a category at the top of the Control Panel
       window), double-click Add or Remove Programs. If the
       Control is set to classic mode, double-click the Add or
       Remove Programs icon.

    3. Find MySQL in the list of installed software. MySQL
       Server is installed against major version numbers (MySQL
       5.1, MySQL 5.5, etc.). Select the version that you want
       to remove and click Remove.

    4. You will be prompted to confirm the removal. Click Yes to
       remove MySQL.

   When MySQL is removed using this method, only the installed
   components are removed. Any database information (including
   the tables and data), import or export files, log files, and
   binary logs produced during execution are kept in their
   configured location.

   If you try to install MySQL again the information will be
   retained and you will be prompted to enter the password
   configured with the original installation.

   If you want to delete MySQL completely:

     * Delete the associated data directory. On Windows XP and
       Windows Server 2003, the default data directory is the
       configured AppData directory, which is C:\Documents and
       Settings\All Users\Application Data\MySQL by default.

     * On Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008, the default data
       directory location is C:\ProgramData\Mysql.
       Note
       The C:\ProgramData directory is hidden by default. You
       must change your folder options to view the hidden file.
       Choose Organize, Folder and search options, Show hidden
       folders.

2.3.6 MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard

   The MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard helps automate
   the process of configuring your server. It creates a custom
   MySQL configuration file (my.ini or my.cnf) by asking you a
   series of questions and then applying your responses to a
   template to generate the configuration file that is tuned to
   your installation.

   The MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard is included
   with the MySQL 5.5 server. The MySQL Server Instance
   Configuration Wizard is only available for Windows.

2.3.6.1 Starting the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard

   The MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard is normally
   started as part of the installation process. You should only
   need to run the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard
   again when you need to change the configuration parameters of
   your server.

   If you chose not to open a port prior to installing MySQL on
   Windows Vista or newer, you can choose to use the MySQL
   Server Configuration Wizard after installation. However, you
   must open a port in the Windows Firewall. To do this see the
   instructions given in Section 2.3.5.1.1, "Downloading and
   Starting the MySQL Installation Wizard." Rather than opening
   a port, you also have the option of adding MySQL as a program
   that bypasses the Windows Firewall. One or the other option
   is sufficient---you need not do both. Additionally, when
   running the MySQL Server Configuration Wizard on Windows
   Vista or newer, ensure that you are logged in as a user with
   administrative rights.
   MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard

   You can launch the MySQL Configuration Wizard by clicking the
   MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard entry in the MySQL
   section of the Windows Start menu.

   Alternatively, you can navigate to the bin directory of your
   MySQL installation and launch the MySQLInstanceConfig.exe
   file directly.

   The MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard places the
   my.ini file in the installation directory for the MySQL
   server. This helps associate configuration files with
   particular server instances.

   To ensure that the MySQL server knows where to look for the
   my.ini file, an argument similar to this is passed to the
   MySQL server as part of the service installation:
--defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\my.ini"

   Here, C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5 is replaced
   with the installation path to the MySQL Server. The
   --defaults-file option instructs the MySQL server to read the
   specified file for configuration options when it starts.

   Apart from making changes to the my.ini file by running the
   MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard again, you can
   modify it by opening it with a text editor and making any
   necessary changes. You can also modify the server
   configuration with the
   http://www.mysql.com/products/administrator/ utility. For
   more information about server configuration, see Section
   5.1.3, "Server Command Options."

   MySQL clients and utilities such as the mysql and mysqldump
   command-line clients are not able to locate the my.ini file
   located in the server installation directory. To configure
   the client and utility applications, create a new my.ini file
   in the Windows installation directory (for example,
   C:\WINDOWS).

   Under Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2000, Windows XP,
   and Windows Vista, MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard
   will configure MySQL to work as a Windows service. To start
   and stop MySQL you use the Services application that is
   supplied as part of the Windows Administrator Tools.

2.3.6.2 Choosing a Maintenance Option

   If the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard detects an
   existing configuration file, you have the option of either
   reconfiguring your existing server, or removing the server
   instance by deleting the configuration file and stopping and
   removing the MySQL service.

   To reconfigure an existing server, choose the Re-configure
   Instance option and click the Next button. Any existing
   configuration file is not overwritten, but renamed (within
   the same directory) using a timestamp (Windows) or sequential
   number (Linux). To remove the existing server instance,
   choose the Remove Instance option and click the Next button.

   If you choose the Remove Instance option, you advance to a
   confirmation window. Click the Execute button. The MySQL
   Server Configuration Wizard stops and removes the MySQL
   service, and then deletes the configuration file. The server
   installation and its data folder are not removed.

   If you choose the Re-configure Instance option, you advance
   to the Configuration Type dialog where you can choose the
   type of installation that you wish to configure.

2.3.6.3 Choosing a Configuration Type

   When you start the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard
   for a new MySQL installation, or choose the Re-configure
   Instance option for an existing installation, you advance to
   the Configuration Type dialog.
   MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard: Configuration
   Type

   There are two configuration types available: Detailed
   Configuration and Standard Configuration. The Standard
   Configuration option is intended for new users who want to
   get started with MySQL quickly without having to make many
   decisions about server configuration. The Detailed
   Configuration option is intended for advanced users who want
   more fine-grained control over server configuration.

   If you are new to MySQL and need a server configured as a
   single-user developer machine, the Standard Configuration
   should suit your needs. Choosing the Standard Configuration
   option causes the MySQL Configuration Wizard to set all
   configuration options automatically with the exception of
   Service Options and Security Options.

   The Standard Configuration sets options that may be
   incompatible with systems where there are existing MySQL
   installations. If you have an existing MySQL installation on
   your system in addition to the installation you wish to
   configure, the Detailed Configuration option is recommended.

   To complete the Standard Configuration, please refer to the
   sections on Service Options and Security Options in Section
   2.3.6.10, "The Service Options Dialog," and Section 2.3.6.11,
   "The Security Options Dialog," respectively.

2.3.6.4 The Server Type Dialog

   There are three different server types available to choose
   from. The server type that you choose affects the decisions
   that the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard makes
   with regard to memory, disk, and processor usage.
   MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard: Server Type

     * Developer Machine: Choose this option for a typical
       desktop workstation where MySQL is intended only for
       personal use. It is assumed that many other desktop
       applications are running. The MySQL server is configured
       to use minimal system resources.

     * Server Machine: Choose this option for a server machine
       where the MySQL server is running alongside other server
       applications such as FTP, email, and Web servers. The
       MySQL server is configured to use a moderate portion of
       the system resources.

     * Dedicated MySQL Server Machine: Choose this option for a
       server machine that is intended to run only the MySQL
       server. It is assumed that no other applications are
       running. The MySQL server is configured to use all
       available system resources.

   Note

   By selecting one of the preconfigured configurations, the
   values and settings of various options in your my.cnf or
   my.ini will be altered accordingly. The default values and
   options as described in the reference manual may therefore be
   different to the options and values that were created during
   the execution of the configuration wizard.

2.3.6.5 The Database Usage Dialog

   The Database Usage dialog enables you to indicate the storage
   engines that you expect to use when creating MySQL tables.
   The option you choose determines whether the InnoDB storage
   engine is available and what percentage of the server
   resources are available to InnoDB.
   MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard: Usage Dialog

     * Multifunctional Database: This option enables both the
       InnoDB and MyISAM storage engines and divides resources
       evenly between the two. This option is recommended for
       users who use both storage engines on a regular basis.

     * Transactional Database Only: This option enables both the
       InnoDB and MyISAM storage engines, but dedicates most
       server resources to the InnoDB storage engine. This
       option is recommended for users who use InnoDB almost
       exclusively and make only minimal use of MyISAM.

     * Non-Transactional Database Only: This option disables the
       InnoDB storage engine completely and dedicates all server
       resources to the MyISAM storage engine. This option is
       recommended for users who do not use InnoDB.

   The Configuration Wizard uses a template to generate the
   server configuration file. The Database Usage dialog sets one
   of the following option strings:
Multifunctional Database:        MIXED
Transactional Database Only:     INNODB
Non-Transactional Database Only: MYISAM

   When these options are processed through the default template
   (my-template.ini) the result is:
Multifunctional Database:
default-storage-engine=InnoDB
_myisam_pct=50

Transactional Database Only:
default-storage-engine=InnoDB
_myisam_pct=5

Non-Transactional Database Only:
default-storage-engine=MyISAM
_myisam_pct=100
skip-innodb

   The _myisam_pct value is used to calculate the percentage of
   resources dedicated to MyISAM. The remaining resources are
   allocated to InnoDB.

2.3.6.6 The InnoDB Tablespace Dialog

   Some users may want to locate the InnoDB tablespace files in
   a different location than the MySQL server data directory.
   Placing the tablespace files in a separate location can be
   desirable if your system has a higher capacity or higher
   performance storage device available, such as a RAID storage
   system.
   MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard: InnoDB Data
   Tablespace

   To change the default location for the InnoDB tablespace
   files, choose a new drive from the drop-down list of drive
   letters and choose a new path from the drop-down list of
   paths. To create a custom path, click the ... button.

   If you are modifying the configuration of an existing server,
   you must click the Modify button before you change the path.
   In this situation you must move the existing tablespace files
   to the new location manually before starting the server.

2.3.6.7 The Concurrent Connections Dialog

   To prevent the server from running out of resources, it is
   important to limit the number of concurrent connections to
   the MySQL server that can be established. The Concurrent
   Connections dialog enables you to choose the expected usage
   of your server, and sets the limit for concurrent connections
   accordingly. It is also possible to set the concurrent
   connection limit manually.
   MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard: Connections

     * Decision Support (DSS)/OLAP: Choose this option if your
       server does not require a large number of concurrent
       connections. The maximum number of connections is set at
       100, with an average of 20 concurrent connections
       assumed.

     * Online Transaction Processing (OLTP): Choose this option
       if your server requires a large number of concurrent
       connections. The maximum number of connections is set at
       500.

     * Manual Setting: Choose this option to set the maximum
       number of concurrent connections to the server manually.
       Choose the number of concurrent connections from the
       drop-down box provided, or enter the maximum number of
       connections into the drop-down box if the number you
       desire is not listed.

2.3.6.8 The Networking and Strict Mode Options Dialog

   Use the Networking Options dialog to enable or disable TCP/IP
   networking and to configure the port number that is used to
   connect to the MySQL server.
   MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard: Network
   Configuration

   TCP/IP networking is enabled by default. To disable TCP/IP
   networking, uncheck the box next to the Enable TCP/IP
   Networking option.

   Port 3306 is used by default. To change the port used to
   access MySQL, choose a new port number from the drop-down box
   or type a new port number directly into the drop-down box. If
   the port number you choose is in use, you are prompted to
   confirm your choice of port number.

   Set the Server SQL Mode to either enable or disable strict
   mode. Enabling strict mode (default) makes MySQL behave more
   like other database management systems. If you run
   applications that rely on MySQL's old "forgiving" behavior,
   make sure to either adapt those applications or to disable
   strict mode. For more information about strict mode, see
   Section 5.1.7, "Server SQL Modes."

2.3.6.9 The Character Set Dialog

   The MySQL server supports multiple character sets and it is
   possible to set a default server character set that is
   applied to all tables, columns, and databases unless
   overridden. Use the Character Set dialog to change the
   default character set of the MySQL server.
   MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard: Character Set

     * Standard Character Set: Choose this option if you want to
       use latin1 as the default server character set. latin1 is
       used for English and many Western European languages.

     * Best Support For Multilingualism: Choose this option if
       you want to use utf8 as the default server character set.
       This is a Unicode character set that can store characters
       from many different languages.

     * Manual Selected Default Character Set / Collation: Choose
       this option if you want to pick the server's default
       character set manually. Choose the desired character set
       from the provided drop-down list.

2.3.6.10 The Service Options Dialog

   On Windows platforms, the MySQL server can be installed as a
   Windows service. When installed this way, the MySQL server
   can be started automatically during system startup, and even
   restarted automatically by Windows in the event of a service
   failure.

   The MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard installs the
   MySQL server as a service by default, using the service name
   MySQL. If you do not wish to install the service, uncheck the
   box next to the Install As Windows Service option. You can
   change the service name by picking a new service name from
   the drop-down box provided or by entering a new service name
   into the drop-down box.
   Note

   Service names can include any legal character except forward
   (/) or backward (\) slashes, and must be less than 256
   characters long.
   Warning

   If you are installing multiple versions of MySQL onto the
   same machine, you must choose a different service name for
   each version that you install. If you do not choose a
   different service for each installed version then the service
   manager information will be inconsistent and this will cause
   problems when you try to uninstall a previous version.

   If you have already installed multiple versions using the
   same service name, you must manually edit the contents of the
   HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services
   parameters within the Windows registry to update the
   association of the service name with the correct server
   version.

   Typically, when installing multiple versions you create a
   service name based on the version information. For example,
   you might install MySQL 5.x as mysql5, or specific versions
   such as MySQL 5.5.0 as mysql50500.

   To install the MySQL server as a service but not have it
   started automatically at startup, uncheck the box next to the
   Launch the MySQL Server Automatically option.

2.3.6.11 The Security Options Dialog

   The content of the security options portion of the MySQL
   Server Instance Configuration Wizard will depend on whether
   this is a new installation, or modifying an existing
   installation.

     * Setting the root password for a new installation
       It is strongly recommended that you set a root password
       for your MySQL server, and the MySQL Server Instance
       Config Wizard requires by default that you do so. If you
       do not wish to set a root password, uncheck the box next
       to the Modify Security Settings option.
       MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard: Security

     * To set the root password, enter the desired password into
       both the New root password and Confirm boxes.
       Setting the root password for an existing installation
       If you are modifying the configuration of an existing
       configuration, or you are installing an upgrade and the
       MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard has detected
       an existing MySQL system, then you must enter the
       existing password for root before changing the
       configuration information.
       MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard: Security (Existing
       Installation)
       If you want to change the current root password, enter
       the desired new password into both the New root password
       and Confirm boxes.

   To permit root logins from across the network, check the box
   next to the Enable root access from remote machines option.
   This decreases the security of your root account.

   To create an anonymous user account, check the box next to
   the Create An Anonymous Account option. Creating an anonymous
   account can decrease server security and cause login and
   permission difficulties. For this reason, it is not
   recommended.

2.3.6.12 The Confirmation Dialog

   The final dialog in the MySQL Server Instance Configuration
   Wizard is the Confirmation Dialog. To start the configuration
   process, click the Execute button. To return to a previous
   dialog, click the Back button. To exit the MySQL Server
   Instance Configuration Wizard without configuring the server,
   click the Cancel button.
   MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard: Confirmation

   After you click the Execute button, the MySQL Server Instance
   Configuration Wizard performs a series of tasks and displays
   the progress onscreen as the tasks are performed.

   The MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard first
   determines configuration file options based on your choices
   using a template prepared by MySQL developers and engineers.
   This template is named my-template.ini and is located in your
   server installation directory.

   The MySQL Configuration Wizard then writes these options to
   the corresponding configuration file.

   If you chose to create a service for the MySQL server, the
   MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard creates and starts
   the service. If you are reconfiguring an existing service,
   the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard restarts the
   service to apply your configuration changes.

   If you chose to set a root password, the MySQL Configuration
   Wizard connects to the server, sets your new root password,
   and applies any other security settings you may have
   selected.

   After the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard has
   completed its tasks, it displays a summary. Click the Finish
   button to exit the MySQL Server Configuration Wizard.

2.3.6.13 MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard: Creating an Instance
from the Command Line

   In addition to using the GUI interface to the MySQL Server
   Instance Config Wizard, you can also create instances
   automatically from the command line.

   To use the MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard on the command
   line, you need to use the MySQLInstanceConfig.exe command
   that is installed with MySQL in the bin directory within the
   installation directory. MySQLInstanceConfig.exe takes a
   number of command-line arguments the set the properties that
   would normally be selected through the GUI interface, and
   then creates a new configuration file (my.ini) by combining
   these selections with a template configuration file to
   produce the working configuration file.

   The main command line options are provided in the table
   below. Some of the options are required, while some options
   are optional.

   Table 2.5 MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard Command Line
   Options
   Option Description
   Required Parameters
   -nPRODUCTNAME The name of the instance when installed
   -pPATH Path of the base directory for installation. This is
   equivalent to the directory when using the basedir
   configuration parameter
   -vVERSION The version tag to use for this installation
   Action to Perform
   -i Install an instance
   -r Remove an instance
   -s Stop an existing instance
   -q Perform the operation quietly
   -lFILENAME Sae the installation progress in a logfile
   Config File to Use
   -tFILENAME Path to the template config file that will be used
   to generate the installed configuration file
   -cFILENAME Path to a config file to be generated

   The -t and -c options work together to set the configuration
   parameters for a new instance. The -t option specifies the
   template configuration file to use as the basic
   configuration, which are then merged with the configuration
   parameters generated by the MySQL Server Instance Config
   Wizard into the configuration file specified by the -c
   option.

   A sample template file, my-template.ini is provided in the
   toplevel MySQL installation directory. The file contains
   elements are replaced automatically by the MySQL Server
   Instance Config Wizard during configuration.

   If you specify a configuration file that already exists, the
   existing configuration file will be saved in the file with
   the original, with the date and time added. For example, the
   mysql.ini will be copied to mysql 2009-10-27 1646.ini.bak.

   The parameters that you can specify on the command line are
   listed in the table below.

   Table 2.6 MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard Parameters
   Parameter Description
   ServiceName=$ Specify the name of the service to be created
   AddBinToPath={yes | no} Specifies whether to add the binary
   directory of MySQL to the standard PATH environment variable
   ServerType={DEVELOPMENT | SERVER | DEDICATED} Specify the
   server type. For more information, see Section 2.3.6.4, "The
   Server Type Dialog"
   DatabaseType={MIXED | INNODB | MYISAM} Specify the default
   database type. For more information, see Section 2.3.6.5,
   "The Database Usage Dialog"
   ConnectionUsage={DSS | OLTP} Specify the type of connection
   support, this automates the setting for the number of
   concurrent connections (see the ConnectionCount parameter).
   For more information, see Section 2.3.6.7, "The Concurrent
   Connections Dialog"
   ConnectionCount=# Specify the number of concurrent
   connections to support. For more information, see Section
   2.3.6.4, "The Server Type Dialog"
   SkipNetworking={yes | no} Specify whether network support
   should be supported. Specifying yes disables network access
   altogether
   Port=# Specify the network port number to use for network
   connections. For more information, see Section 2.3.6.8, "The
   Networking and Strict Mode Options Dialog"
   StrictMode={yes | no} Specify whether to use the strict SQL
   mode. For more information, see Section 2.3.6.8, "The
   Networking and Strict Mode Options Dialog"
   Charset=$ Specify the default character set. For more
   information, see Section 2.3.6.9, "The Character Set Dialog"
   RootPassword=$ Specify the root password
   RootCurrentPassword=$ Specify the current root password then
   stopping or reconfiguring an existing service
   Note

   When specifying options on the command line, you can enclose
   the entire command-line option and the value you are
   specifying using double quotation marks. This enables you to
   use spaces in the options. For example, "-cC:\mysql.ini".

   The following command installs a MySQL Server 5.5 instance
   from the directory C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5
   using the service name MySQL55 and setting the root password
   to 1234.
shell> MySQLInstanceConfig.exe -i -q "-lC:\mysql_install_log.txt" »
   "-nMySQL Server 5.5" "-pC:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5" -v
5.5.42 »
   "-tmy-template.ini" "-cC:\mytest.ini" ServerType=DEVELOPMENT Databa
seType=MIXED »
   ConnectionUsage=DSS Port=3311 ServiceName=MySQL55 RootPassword=1234

   In the above example, a log file will be generated in
   mysql_install_log.txt containing the information about the
   instance creation process. The log file generated by the
   above example is shown below:
Welcome to the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard 1.0.16.0
Date: 2009-10-27 17:07:21

Installing service ...

Product Name:         MySQL Server 5.5
Version:              5.5.42
Installation Path:    C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\

Creating configuration file C:\mytest.ini using template my-template.i
ni.
Options:
DEVELOPMENT
MIXED
DSS
STRICTMODE

Variables:
port: 3311
default-character-set: latin1
basedir: "C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.5/"
datadir: "C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.5/Data/"


Creating Windows service entry.
Service name: "MySQL55"
Parameters:   "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqld" --d
efaults-file="C:\mytest.ini" MySQL55.
Windows service MySQL55 installed.

   When using the command line, the return values in the
   following table indicate an error performing the specified
   option.

   Table 2.7 Return Value from MySQL Server Instance Config
   Wizard
   Value                   Description
   2     Configuration template file cannot be found
   3     The Windows service entry cannot be created
   4     Could not connect to the Service Control Manager
   5     The MySQL service cannot be started
   6     The MySQL service cannot be stopped
   7     The security settings cannot be applied
   8     The configuration file cannot be written
   9     The Windows service entry cannot be removed

   You can perform an installation of MySQL automatically using
   the MSI package. For more information, see Section 2.3.5.2,
   "Automating MySQL Installation on Microsoft Windows Using the
   MSI Package."

2.3.7 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall Zip
Archive

   Users who are installing from the noinstall package can use
   the instructions in this section to manually install MySQL.
   The process for installing MySQL from a Zip archive is as
   follows:

    1. Extract the archive to the desired install directory

    2. Create an option file

    3. Choose a MySQL server type

    4. Start the MySQL server

    5. Secure the default user accounts

   This process is described in the sections that follow.

2.3.7.1 Extracting the Install Archive

   To install MySQL manually, do the following:

    1. If you are upgrading from a previous version please refer
       to Section 2.3.9, "Upgrading MySQL on Windows," before
       beginning the upgrade process.

    2. Make sure that you are logged in as a user with
       administrator privileges.

    3. Choose an installation location. Traditionally, the MySQL
       server is installed in C:\mysql. The MySQL Installation
       Wizard installs MySQL under C:\Program Files\MySQL. If
       you do not install MySQL at C:\mysql, you must specify
       the path to the install directory during startup or in an
       option file. See Section 2.3.7.2, "Creating an Option
       File."
       Note
       The MySQL Installer installs MySQL under C:\Program
       Files\MySQL.

    4. Extract the install archive to the chosen installation
       location using your preferred Zip archive tool. Some
       tools may extract the archive to a folder within your
       chosen installation location. If this occurs, you can
       move the contents of the subfolder into the chosen
       installation location.

2.3.7.2 Creating an Option File

   If you need to specify startup options when you run the
   server, you can indicate them on the command line or place
   them in an option file. For options that are used every time
   the server starts, you may find it most convenient to use an
   option file to specify your MySQL configuration. This is
   particularly true under the following circumstances:

     * The installation or data directory locations are
       different from the default locations (C:\Program
       Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5 and C:\Program
       Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\data).

     * You need to tune the server settings, such as memory,
       cache, or InnoDB configuration information.

   When the MySQL server starts on Windows, it looks for option
   files in several locations, such as the Windows directory,
   C:\, and the MySQL installation directory (for the full list
   of locations, see Section 4.2.6, "Using Option Files"). The
   Windows directory typically is named something like
   C:\WINDOWS. You can determine its exact location from the
   value of the WINDIR environment variable using the following
   command:
C:\> echo %WINDIR%

   MySQL looks for options in each location first in the my.ini
   file, and then in the my.cnf file. However, to avoid
   confusion, it is best if you use only one file. If your PC
   uses a boot loader where C: is not the boot drive, your only
   option is to use the my.ini file. Whichever option file you
   use, it must be a plain text file.
   Note

   When using the MySQL Installer to install MySQL Server, it
   will create the my.ini at the default location. And as of
   MySQL Server 5.5.27, the user running MySQL Installer is
   granted full permissions to this new my.ini.

   In other words, be sure that the MySQL Server user has
   permission to read the my.ini file.

   You can also make use of the example option files included
   with your MySQL distribution; see Section 5.1.2, "Server
   Configuration Defaults."

   An option file can be created and modified with any text
   editor, such as Notepad. For example, if MySQL is installed
   in E:\mysql and the data directory is in E:\mydata\data, you
   can create an option file containing a [mysqld] section to
   specify values for the basedir and datadir options:
[mysqld]
# set basedir to your installation path
basedir=E:/mysql
# set datadir to the location of your data directory
datadir=E:/mydata/data

   Microsoft Windows path names are specified in option files
   using (forward) slashes rather than backslashes. If you do
   use backslashes, double them:
[mysqld]
# set basedir to your installation path
basedir=E:\\mysql
# set datadir to the location of your data directory
datadir=E:\\mydata\\data

   The rules for use of backslash in option file values are
   given in Section 4.2.6, "Using Option Files."

   The data directory is located within the AppData directory
   for the user running MySQL.

   If you would like to use a data directory in a different
   location, you should copy the entire contents of the data
   directory to the new location. For example, if you want to
   use E:\mydata as the data directory instead, you must do two
   things:

    1. Move the entire data directory and all of its contents
       from the default location (for example C:\Program
       Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\data) to E:\mydata.

    2. Use a --datadir option to specify the new data directory
       location each time you start the server.

2.3.7.3 Selecting a MySQL Server Type

   The following table shows the available servers for Windows
   in MySQL 5.5.
   Binary Description
   mysqld Optimized binary with named-pipe support
   mysqld-debug Like mysqld, but compiled with full debugging
   and automatic memory allocation checking

   All of the preceding binaries are optimized for modern Intel
   processors, but should work on any Intel i386-class or higher
   processor.

   Each of the servers in a distribution support the same set of
   storage engines. The SHOW ENGINES statement displays which
   engines a given server supports.

   All Windows MySQL 5.5 servers have support for symbolic
   linking of database directories.

   MySQL supports TCP/IP on all Windows platforms. MySQL servers
   on Windows also support named pipes, if you start the server
   with the --enable-named-pipe option. It is necessary to use
   this option explicitly because some users have experienced
   problems with shutting down the MySQL server when named pipes
   were used. The default is to use TCP/IP regardless of
   platform because named pipes are slower than TCP/IP in many
   Windows configurations.

2.3.7.4 Starting the Server for the First Time

   This section gives a general overview of starting the MySQL
   server. The following sections provide more specific
   information for starting the MySQL server from the command
   line or as a Windows service.

   The information here applies primarily if you installed MySQL
   using the Noinstall version, or if you wish to configure and
   test MySQL manually rather than with the GUI tools.
   Note

   The MySQL server will automatically start after using the
   MySQL Installer, and the MySQL Notifier GUI can be used to
   start/stop/restart at any time.

   The examples in these sections assume that MySQL is installed
   under the default location of C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL
   Server 5.5. Adjust the path names shown in the examples if
   you have MySQL installed in a different location.

   Clients have two options. They can use TCP/IP, or they can
   use a named pipe if the server supports named-pipe
   connections.

   MySQL for Windows also supports shared-memory connections if
   the server is started with the --shared-memory option.
   Clients can connect through shared memory by using the
   --protocol=MEMORY option.

   For information about which server binary to run, see Section
   2.3.7.3, "Selecting a MySQL Server Type."

   Testing is best done from a command prompt in a console
   window (or "DOS window"). In this way you can have the server
   display status messages in the window where they are easy to
   see. If something is wrong with your configuration, these
   messages make it easier for you to identify and fix any
   problems.

   To start the server, enter this command:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqld" --console

   For a server that includes InnoDB support, you should see the
   messages similar to those following as it starts (the path
   names and sizes may differ):
InnoDB: The first specified datafile c:\ibdata\ibdata1 did not exist:
InnoDB: a new database to be created!
InnoDB: Setting file c:\ibdata\ibdata1 size to 209715200
InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...
InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile0 did not exist: new to be create
d
InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile0 size to 31457280
InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile1 did not exist: new to be create
d
InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile1 size to 31457280
InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile2 did not exist: new to be create
d
InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile2 size to 31457280
InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer not found: creating new
InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer created
InnoDB: creating foreign key constraint system tables
InnoDB: foreign key constraint system tables created
011024 10:58:25  InnoDB: Started

   When the server finishes its startup sequence, you should see
   something like this, which indicates that the server is ready
   to service client connections:
mysqld: ready for connections
Version: '5.5.42'  socket: ''  port: 3306

   The server continues to write to the console any further
   diagnostic output it produces. You can open a new console
   window in which to run client programs.

   If you omit the --console option, the server writes
   diagnostic output to the error log in the data directory
   (C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\data by default).
   The error log is the file with the .err extension, and may be
   set using the --log-error option.
   Note

   The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables
   initially have no passwords. After starting the server, you
   should set up passwords for them using the instructions in
   Section 2.10.2, "Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts."

2.3.7.5 Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line

   The MySQL server can be started manually from the command
   line. This can be done on any version of Windows.
   Note

   The MySQL Notifier GUI can also be used to start/stop/restart
   the MySQL server.

   To start the mysqld server from the command line, you should
   start a console window (or "DOS window") and enter this
   command:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqld"

   The path to mysqld may vary depending on the install location
   of MySQL on your system.

   You can stop the MySQL server by executing this command:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqladmin" -u root
shutdown

   Note

   If the MySQL root user account has a password, you need to
   invoke mysqladmin with the -p option and supply the password
   when prompted.

   This command invokes the MySQL administrative utility
   mysqladmin to connect to the server and tell it to shut down.
   The command connects as the MySQL root user, which is the
   default administrative account in the MySQL grant system.
   Note

   Users in the MySQL grant system are wholly independent from
   any login users under Microsoft Windows.

   If mysqld doesn't start, check the error log to see whether
   the server wrote any messages there to indicate the cause of
   the problem. By default, the error log is located in the
   C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\data directory. It is
   the file with a suffix of .err, or may be specified by
   passing in the --log-error option. Alternatively, you can try
   to start the server as mysqld --console; in this case, you
   may get some useful information on the screen that may help
   solve the problem.

   The last option is to start mysqld with the --standalone and
   --debug options. In this case, mysqld writes a log file
   C:\mysqld.trace that should contain the reason why mysqld
   doesn't start. See Section 24.4.3, "The DBUG Package."

   Use mysqld --verbose --help to display all the options that
   mysqld supports.

2.3.7.6 Customizing the PATH for MySQL Tools

   To make it easier to invoke MySQL programs, you can add the
   path name of the MySQL bin directory to your Windows system
   PATH environment variable:

     * On the Windows desktop, right-click the My Computer icon,
       and select Properties.

     * Next select the Advanced tab from the System Properties
       menu that appears, and click the Environment Variables
       button.

     * Under System Variables, select Path, and then click the
       Edit button. The Edit System Variable dialogue should
       appear.

     * Place your cursor at the end of the text appearing in the
       space marked Variable Value. (Use the End key to ensure
       that your cursor is positioned at the very end of the
       text in this space.) Then enter the complete path name of
       your MySQL bin directory (for example, C:\Program
       Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin)
       Note
       There must be a semicolon separating this path from any
       values present in this field.
       Dismiss this dialogue, and each dialogue in turn, by
       clicking OK until all of the dialogues that were opened
       have been dismissed. You should now be able to invoke any
       MySQL executable program by typing its name at the DOS
       prompt from any directory on the system, without having
       to supply the path. This includes the servers, the mysql
       client, and all MySQL command-line utilities such as
       mysqladmin and mysqldump.
       You should not add the MySQL bin directory to your
       Windows PATH if you are running multiple MySQL servers on
       the same machine.

   Warning

   You must exercise great care when editing your system PATH by
   hand; accidental deletion or modification of any portion of
   the existing PATH value can leave you with a malfunctioning
   or even unusable system.

2.3.7.7 Starting MySQL as a Windows Service

   On Windows, the recommended way to run MySQL is to install it
   as a Windows service, so that MySQL starts and stops
   automatically when Windows starts and stops. A MySQL server
   installed as a service can also be controlled from the
   command line using NET commands, or with the graphical
   Services utility. Generally, to install MySQL as a Windows
   service you should be logged in using an account that has
   administrator rights.
   Note

   The MySQL Notifier GUI can also be used to monitor the status
   of the MySQL service.

   The Services utility (the Windows Service Control Manager)
   can be found in the Windows Control Panel (under
   Administrative Tools on Windows 2000, XP, Vista, and Server
   2003). To avoid conflicts, it is advisable to close the
   Services utility while performing server installation or
   removal operations from the command line.

Installing the service

   Before installing MySQL as a Windows service, you should
   first stop the current server if it is running by using the
   following command:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqladmin"
          -u root shutdown

   Note

   If the MySQL root user account has a password, you need to
   invoke mysqladmin with the -p option and supply the password
   when prompted.

   This command invokes the MySQL administrative utility
   mysqladmin to connect to the server and tell it to shut down.
   The command connects as the MySQL root user, which is the
   default administrative account in the MySQL grant system.
   Note

   Users in the MySQL grant system are wholly independent from
   any login users under Windows.

   Install the server as a service using this command:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqld" --install

   The service-installation command does not start the server.
   Instructions for that are given later in this section.

   To make it easier to invoke MySQL programs, you can add the
   path name of the MySQL bin directory to your Windows system
   PATH environment variable:

     * On the Windows desktop, right-click the My Computer icon,
       and select Properties.

     * Next select the Advanced tab from the System Properties
       menu that appears, and click the Environment Variables
       button.

     * Under System Variables, select Path, and then click the
       Edit button. The Edit System Variable dialogue should
       appear.

     * Place your cursor at the end of the text appearing in the
       space marked Variable Value. (Use the End key to ensure
       that your cursor is positioned at the very end of the
       text in this space.) Then enter the complete path name of
       your MySQL bin directory (for example, C:\Program
       Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin), and there should be a
       semicolon separating this path from any values present in
       this field. Dismiss this dialogue, and each dialogue in
       turn, by clicking OK until all of the dialogues that were
       opened have been dismissed. You should now be able to
       invoke any MySQL executable program by typing its name at
       the DOS prompt from any directory on the system, without
       having to supply the path. This includes the servers, the
       mysql client, and all MySQL command-line utilities such
       as mysqladmin and mysqldump.
       You should not add the MySQL bin directory to your
       Windows PATH if you are running multiple MySQL servers on
       the same machine.

   Warning

   You must exercise great care when editing your system PATH by
   hand; accidental deletion or modification of any portion of
   the existing PATH value can leave you with a malfunctioning
   or even unusable system.

   The following additional arguments can be used when
   installing the service:

     * You can specify a service name immediately following the
       --install option. The default service name is MySQL.

     * If a service name is given, it can be followed by a
       single option. By convention, this should be
       --defaults-file=file_name to specify the name of an
       option file from which the server should read options
       when it starts.
       The use of a single option other than --defaults-file is
       possible but discouraged. --defaults-file is more
       flexible because it enables you to specify multiple
       startup options for the server by placing them in the
       named option file.

     * You can also specify a --local-service option following
       the service name. This causes the server to run using the
       LocalService Windows account that has limited system
       privileges. This account is available only for Windows XP
       or newer. If both --defaults-file and --local-service are
       given following the service name, they can be in any
       order.

   For a MySQL server that is installed as a Windows service,
   the following rules determine the service name and option
   files that the server uses:

     * If the service-installation command specifies no service
       name or the default service name (MySQL) following the
       --install option, the server uses the a service name of
       MySQL and reads options from the [mysqld] group in the
       standard option files.

     * If the service-installation command specifies a service
       name other than MySQL following the --install option, the
       server uses that service name. It reads options from the
       [mysqld] group and the group that has the same name as
       the service in the standard option files. This enables
       you to use the [mysqld] group for options that should be
       used by all MySQL services, and an option group with the
       service name for use by the server installed with that
       service name.

     * If the service-installation command specifies a
       --defaults-file option after the service name, the server
       reads options the same way as described in the previous
       item, except that it reads options only from the named
       file and ignores the standard option files.

   As a more complex example, consider the following command:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqld"
          --install MySQL --defaults-file=C:\my-opts.cnf

   Here, the default service name (MySQL) is given after the
   --install option. If no --defaults-file option had been
   given, this command would have the effect of causing the
   server to read the [mysqld] group from the standard option
   files. However, because the --defaults-file option is
   present, the server reads options from the [mysqld] option
   group, and only from the named file.
   Note

   On Windows, if the server is started with the --defaults-file
   and --install options, --install must be first. Otherwise,
   mysqld.exe will attempt to start the MySQL server.

   You can also specify options as Start parameters in the
   Windows Services utility before you start the MySQL service.

Starting the service

   Once a MySQL server has been installed as a service, Windows
   starts the service automatically whenever Windows starts. The
   service also can be started immediately from the Services
   utility, or by using a NET START MySQL command. The NET
   command is not case sensitive.

   When run as a service, mysqld has no access to a console
   window, so no messages can be seen there. If mysqld does not
   start, check the error log to see whether the server wrote
   any messages there to indicate the cause of the problem. The
   error log is located in the MySQL data directory (for
   example, C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\data). It is
   the file with a suffix of .err.

   When a MySQL server has been installed as a service, and the
   service is running, Windows stops the service automatically
   when Windows shuts down. The server also can be stopped
   manually by using the Services utility, the NET STOP MySQL
   command, or the mysqladmin shutdown command.

   You also have the choice of installing the server as a manual
   service if you do not wish for the service to be started
   automatically during the boot process. To do this, use the
   --install-manual option rather than the --install option:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqld" --install-ma
nual

Removing the service

   To remove a server that is installed as a service, first stop
   it if it is running by executing NET STOP MySQL. Then use the
   --remove option to remove it:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqld" --remove

   If mysqld is not running as a service, you can start it from
   the command line. For instructions, see Section 2.3.7.5,
   "Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line."

   If you encounter difficulties during installation. see
   Section 2.3.8, "Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL
   Server Installation."

2.3.7.8 Testing The MySQL Installation

   You can test whether the MySQL server is working by executing
   any of the following commands:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqlshow"
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqlshow" -u root m
ysql
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysqladmin" version
status proc
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin\mysql" test

   If mysqld is slow to respond to TCP/IP connections from
   client programs, there is probably a problem with your DNS.
   In this case, start mysqld with the --skip-name-resolve
   option and use only localhost and IP addresses in the Host
   column of the MySQL grant tables.

   You can force a MySQL client to use a named-pipe connection
   rather than TCP/IP by specifying the --pipe or
   --protocol=PIPE option, or by specifying . (period) as the
   host name. Use the --socket option to specify the name of the
   pipe if you do not want to use the default pipe name.

   If you have set a password for the root account, deleted the
   anonymous account, or created a new user account, then to
   connect to the MySQL server you must use the appropriate -u
   and -p options with the commands shown previously. See
   Section 4.2.2, "Connecting to the MySQL Server."

   For more information about mysqlshow, see Section 4.5.6,
   "mysqlshow --- Display Database, Table, and Column
   Information."

2.3.8 Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation

   When installing and running MySQL for the first time, you may
   encounter certain errors that prevent the MySQL server from
   starting. This section helps you diagnose and correct some of
   these errors.

   Your first resource when troubleshooting server issues is the
   error log. The MySQL server uses the error log to record
   information relevant to the error that prevents the server
   from starting. The error log is located in the data directory
   specified in your my.ini file. The default data directory
   location is C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\data, or
   C:\ProgramData\Mysql on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008.
   The C:\ProgramData directory is hidden by default. You need
   to change your folder options to see the directory and
   contents. For more information on the error log and
   understanding the content, see Section 5.2.2, "The Error
   Log."

   For information regarding possible errors, also consult the
   console messages displayed when the MySQL service is
   starting. Use the NET START MySQL command from the command
   line after installing mysqld as a service to see any error
   messages regarding the starting of the MySQL server as a
   service. See Section 2.3.7.7, "Starting MySQL as a Windows
   Service."

   The following examples show other common error messages you
   might encounter when installing MySQL and starting the server
   for the first time:

     * If the MySQL server cannot find the mysql privileges
       database or other critical files, it displays these
       messages:
System error 1067 has occurred.
Fatal error: Can't open and lock privilege tables:
Table 'mysql.user' doesn't exist

       These messages often occur when the MySQL base or data
       directories are installed in different locations than the
       default locations (C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server
       5.5 and C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\data,
       respectively).
       This situation can occur when MySQL is upgraded and
       installed to a new location, but the configuration file
       is not updated to reflect the new location. In addition,
       old and new configuration files might conflict. Be sure
       to delete or rename any old configuration files when
       upgrading MySQL.
       If you have installed MySQL to a directory other than
       C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5, ensure that the
       MySQL server is aware of this through the use of a
       configuration (my.ini) file. Put the my.ini file in your
       Windows directory, typically C:\WINDOWS. To determine its
       exact location from the value of the WINDIR environment
       variable, issue the following command from the command
       prompt:
C:\> echo %WINDIR%

       You can create or modify an option file with any text
       editor, such as Notepad. For example, if MySQL is
       installed in E:\mysql and the data directory is
       D:\MySQLdata, you can create the option file and set up a
       [mysqld] section to specify values for the basedir and
       datadir options:
[mysqld]
# set basedir to your installation path
basedir=E:/mysql
# set datadir to the location of your data directory
datadir=D:/MySQLdata

       Microsoft Windows path names are specified in option
       files using (forward) slashes rather than backslashes. If
       you do use backslashes, double them:
[mysqld]
# set basedir to your installation path
basedir=C:\\Program Files\\MySQL\\MySQL Server 5.5
# set datadir to the location of your data directory
datadir=D:\\MySQLdata

       The rules for use of backslash in option file values are
       given in Section 4.2.6, "Using Option Files."
       If you change the datadir value in your MySQL
       configuration file, you must move the contents of the
       existing MySQL data directory before restarting the MySQL
       server.
       See Section 2.3.7.2, "Creating an Option File."

     * If you reinstall or upgrade MySQL without first stopping
       and removing the existing MySQL service and install MySQL
       using the MySQL Installer, you might see this error:
Error: Cannot create Windows service for MySql. Error: 0

       This occurs when the Configuration Wizard tries to
       install the service and finds an existing service with
       the same name.
       One solution to this problem is to choose a service name
       other than mysql when using the configuration wizard.
       This enables the new service to be installed correctly,
       but leaves the outdated service in place. Although this
       is harmless, it is best to remove old services that are
       no longer in use.
       To permanently remove the old mysql service, execute the
       following command as a user with administrative
       privileges, on the command line:
C:\> sc delete mysql
[SC] DeleteService SUCCESS

       If the sc utility is not available for your version of
       Windows, download the delsrv utility from
       http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/reskit/tool
       s/existing/delsrv-o.asp and use the delsrv mysql syntax.

2.3.9 Upgrading MySQL on Windows

   To upgrade MySQL on Windows, follow these steps:

    1. Review Section 2.11.1, "Upgrading MySQL," for additional
       information on upgrading MySQL that is not specific to
       Windows.

    2. Always back up your current MySQL installation before
       performing an upgrade. See Section 7.2, "Database Backup
       Methods."

    3. Download the latest Windows distribution of MySQL from
       http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/.

    4. Before upgrading MySQL, stop the server. If the server is
       installed as a service, stop the service with the
       following command from the command prompt:
C:\> NET STOP MySQL

       If you are not running the MySQL server as a service, use
       mysqladmin to stop it. For example, before upgrading from
       MySQL 5.1 to 5.5, use mysqladmin from MySQL 5.1 as
       follows:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.1\bin\mysqladmin" -u root
shutdown

       Note
       If the MySQL root user account has a password, invoke
       mysqladmin with the -p option and enter the password when
       prompted.

    5. Before upgrading to MySQL 5.5 from a version previous to
       4.1.5, or from a version of MySQL installed from a Zip
       archive to a version of MySQL installed with the MySQL
       Installation Wizard, you must first manually remove the
       previous installation and MySQL service (if the server is
       installed as a service).
       To remove the MySQL service, use the following command:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --remove

       If you do not remove the existing service, the MySQL
       Installation Wizard may fail to properly install the new
       MySQL service.

    6. If you are using the MySQL Installer, start it as
       described in Section 2.3.3, "Installing MySQL on
       Microsoft Windows Using MySQL Installer."
       If you are using the MySQL Installation Wizard, start the
       wizard as described in Section 2.3.5.1, "Using the MySQL
       Installation Wizard."

    7. If you are upgrading MySQL from a Zip archive, extract
       the archive. You may either overwrite your existing MySQL
       installation (usually located at C:\mysql), or install it
       into a different directory, such as C:\mysql5.
       Overwriting the existing installation is recommended.
       However, for upgrades (as opposed to installing for the
       first time), you must remove the data directory from your
       existing MySQL installation to avoid replacing your
       current data files. To do so, follow these steps:
         a. Unzip the Zip archive in some location other than
            your current MySQL installation
         b. Remove the data directory
         c. Rezip the Zip archive
         d. Unzip the modified Zip archive on top of your
            existing installation
       Alternatively:
         a. Unzip the Zip archive in some location other than
            your current MySQL installation
         b. Remove the data directory
         c. Move the data directory from the current MySQL
            installation to the location of the just-removed
            data directory
         d. Remove the current MySQL installation
         e. Move the unzipped installation to the location of
            the just-removed installation

    8. If you were running MySQL as a Windows service and you
       had to remove the service earlier in this procedure,
       reinstall the service. (See Section 2.3.7.7, "Starting
       MySQL as a Windows Service.")

    9. Restart the server. For example, use NET START MySQL if
       you run MySQL as a service, or invoke mysqld directly
       otherwise.
   10. As Administrator, run mysql_upgrade to check your tables,
       attempt to repair them if necessary, and update your
       grant tables if they have changed so that you can take
       advantage of any new capabilities. See Section 4.4.7,
       "mysql_upgrade --- Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables."
   11. If you encounter errors, see Section 2.3.8,
       "Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server
       Installation."

2.3.10 Windows Postinstallation Procedures

   GUI tools exist that perform most of the tasks described
   below, including:

     * MySQL Installer: Used to install and upgrade MySQL
       products.

     * MySQL Workbench: Manages the MySQL server and edits SQL
       queries.

     * MySQL Notifier: Starts, stops, or restarts the MySQL
       server, and monitors its status.

     * MySQL for Excel
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-for-excel/en/index.html):
       Edits MySQL data with Microsoft Excel.

   On Windows, you need not create the data directory and the
   grant tables. MySQL Windows distributions include the grant
   tables with a set of preinitialized accounts in the mysql
   database under the data directory. Regarding passwords, if
   you installed MySQL using the MySQL Installer, you may have
   already assigned passwords to the accounts. (See Section
   2.3.3, "Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using MySQL
   Installer.") Otherwise, use the password-assignment procedure
   given in Section 2.10.2, "Securing the Initial MySQL
   Accounts."

   Before setting up passwords, you might want to try running
   some client programs to make sure that you can connect to the
   server and that it is operating properly. Make sure that the
   server is running (see Section 2.3.7.4, "Starting the Server
   for the First Time"), and then issue the following commands
   to verify that you can retrieve information from the server.
   You may need to specify directory different from C:\mysql\bin
   on the command line. If you installed MySQL using MySQL
   Installer, the default directory is C:\Program
   Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5, and the mysql and mysqlshow
   client programs are in C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server
   5.5\bin. See Section 2.3.3, "Installing MySQL on Microsoft
   Windows Using MySQL Installer," for more information.

   Use mysqlshow to see what databases exist:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow
+--------------------+
|     Databases      |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| test               |
+--------------------+

   The list of installed databases may vary, but will always
   include the minimum of mysql and information_schema. In most
   cases, the test database will also be installed
   automatically.

   The preceding command (and commands for other MySQL programs
   such as mysql) may not work if the correct MySQL account does
   not exist. For example, the program may fail with an error,
   or you may not be able to view all databases. If you
   installed MySQL using MySQL Installer, then the root user
   will have been created automatically with the password you
   supplied. In this case, you should use the -u root and -p
   options. (You will also need to use the -u root and -p
   options if you have already secured the initial MySQL
   accounts.) With -p, you will be prompted for the root
   password. For example:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow -u root -p
Enter password: (enter root password here)
+--------------------+
|     Databases      |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| test               |
+--------------------+

   If you specify a database name, mysqlshow displays a list of
   the tables within the database:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow mysql
Database: mysql
+---------------------------+
|          Tables           |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| event                     |
| func                      |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| host                      |
| plugin                    |
| proc                      |
| procs_priv                |
| servers                   |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user                      |
+---------------------------+

   Use the mysql program to select information from a table in
   the mysql database:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysql -e "SELECT Host,Db,User FROM mysql.db"
+------+--------+------+
| host | db     | user |
+------+--------+------+
| %    | test   |      |
| %    | test_% |      |
+------+--------+------+

   For more information about mysqlshow and mysql, see Section
   4.5.6, "mysqlshow --- Display Database, Table, and Column
   Information," and Section 4.5.1, "mysql --- The MySQL
   Command-Line Tool."

   If you are running a version of Windows that supports
   services, you can set up the MySQL server to run
   automatically when Windows starts. See Section 2.3.7.7,
   "Starting MySQL as a Windows Service."

2.4 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X

   For a list of supported Mac OS X versions that the MySQL
   server supports, see
   http://www.mysql.com/support/supportedplatforms/database.html
   .

   MySQL for Mac OS X is available in a number of different
   forms:

     * Native Package Installer format, which uses the native
       Mac OS X installer (DMG) to walk you through the
       installation of MySQL. For more information, see Section
       2.4.2, "Installing MySQL on Mac OS X Using Native
       Packages." You can use the package installer with Mac OS
       X 10.6 and later, and the package is available for both
       32-bit and 64-bit architectures. The user you use to
       perform the installation must have administrator
       privileges.

     * Tar package format, which uses a file packaged using the
       Unix tar and gzip commands. To use this method, you will
       need to open a Terminal window. You do not need
       administrator privileges using this method, as you can
       install the MySQL server anywhere using this method. For
       more information on using this method, you can use the
       generic instructions for using a tarball, Section 2.2,
       "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic
       Binaries."You can use the package installer with Mac OS X
       10.6 and later, and available for both 32-bit and 64-bit
       architectures.
       In addition to the core installation, the Package
       Installer also includes Section 2.4.3, "Installing the
       MySQL Startup Item" and Section 2.4.4, "Installing and
       Using the MySQL Preference Pane," both of which simplify
       the management of your installation.

     * Mac OS X server includes a version of MySQL as standard.
       If you want to use a more recent version than that
       supplied with the Mac OS X server release, you can make
       use of the package or tar formats. For more information
       on using the MySQL bundled with Mac OS X, see Section
       2.4.5, "Using the Bundled MySQL on Mac OS X Server."

   For additional information on using MySQL on Mac OS X, see
   Section 2.4.1, "General Notes on Installing MySQL on Mac OS
   X."

2.4.1 General Notes on Installing MySQL on Mac OS X

   You should keep the following issues and notes in mind:

     * The default location for the MySQL Unix socket is
       different on Mac OS X and Mac OS X Server depending on
       the installation type you chose. The following table
       shows the default locations by installation type.
       Table 2.8 MySQL Unix Socket Locations on Mac OS X by
       Installation Type

               Installation Type             Socket Location
       Package Installer from MySQL       /tmp/mysql.sock
       Tarball from MySQL                 /tmp/mysql.sock
       MySQL Bundled with Mac OS X Server /var/mysql/mysql.sock
       To prevent issues, you should either change the
       configuration of the socket used within your application
       (for example, changing php.ini), or you should configure
       the socket location using a MySQL configuration file and
       the socket option. For more information, see Section
       5.1.3, "Server Command Options."

     * You may need (or want) to create a specific mysql user to
       own the MySQL directory and data. You can do this through
       the Directory Utility, and the mysql user should already
       exist. For use in single user mode, an entry for _mysql
       (note the underscore prefix) should already exist within
       the system /etc/passwd file.

     * If you get an "insecure startup item disabled" error when
       MySQL launches, use the following procedure. Adjust the
       pathnames appropriately for your system.

         1. Modify the mysql.script using this command (enter it
            on a single line):
shell> sudo /Applications/TextEdit.app/Contents/MacOS/TextEdit
  /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server


         2. Locate the option file that defines the basedir
            value and modify it to contain these lines:
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data

            In the /Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM/ directory,
            make the following group ID changes from staff to
            wheel:
shell> sudo chgrp wheel MySQLCOM StartupParameters.plist


         3. Start the server from System Preferences or
            Terminal.app.

     * Because the MySQL package installer installs the MySQL
       contents into a version and platform specific directory,
       you can use this to upgrade and migrate your database
       between versions. You will need to either copy the data
       directory from the old version to the new version, or
       alternatively specify an alternative datadir value to set
       location of the data directory.

     * You might want to add aliases to your shell's resource
       file to make it easier to access commonly used programs
       such as mysql and mysqladmin from the command line. The
       syntax for bash is:
alias mysql=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql
alias mysqladmin=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin

       For tcsh, use:
alias mysql /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql
alias mysqladmin /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin

       Even better, add /usr/local/mysql/bin to your PATH
       environment variable. You can do this by modifying the
       appropriate startup file for your shell. For more
       information, see Section 4.2.1, "Invoking MySQL
       Programs."

     * After you have copied over the MySQL database files from
       the previous installation and have successfully started
       the new server, you should consider removing the old
       installation files to save disk space. Additionally, you
       should also remove older versions of the Package Receipt
       directories located in
       /Library/Receipts/mysql-VERSION.pkg.

2.4.2 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X Using Native Packages

   The package is located inside a disk image (.dmg) file that
   you first need to mount by double-clicking its icon in the
   Finder. It should then mount the image and display its
   contents.
   Note

   Before proceeding with the installation, be sure to stop all
   running MySQL server instances by using either the MySQL
   Manager Application (on Mac OS X Server) or mysqladmin
   shutdown on the command line.

   When installing from the package version, you should also
   install the MySQL Preference Pane, which will enable you to
   control the startup and execution of your MySQL server from
   System Preferences. For more information, see Section 2.4.4,
   "Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane."

   When installing using the package installer, the files are
   installed into a directory within /usr/local matching the
   name of the installation version and platform. For example,
   the installer file mysql-5.5-osx10.7-x86_64.dmg installs
   MySQL into /usr/local/mysql-5.5-osx10.7-x86_64/ . The
   following table shows the layout of the installation
   directory.

   Table 2.9 MySQL Installation Layout on Mac OS X
   Directory Contents of Directory
   bin Client programs and the mysqld server
   data Log files, databases
   docs Helper documents, like the Release Notes and build
   information
   include Include (header) files
   lib Libraries
   man Unix manual pages
   mysql-test MySQL test suite
   scripts mysql_install_db
   share Miscellaneous support files, including error messages,
   sample configuration files, SQL for database installation
   sql-bench Benchmarks
   support-files Scripts and sample configuration files
   /tmp/mysql.sock Location of the MySQL Unix socket

   During the package installer process, a symbolic link from
   /usr/local/mysql to the version/platform specific directory
   created during installation will be created automatically.

    1. Download and open the MySQL package installer, which is
       provided on a disk image (.dmg) that includes the main
       MySQL installation package, the MySQLStartupItem.pkg
       installation package, and the MySQL.prefPane.
       Double-click the disk image to open it.
       Figure 2.41 MySQL Package Installer: DMG Contents
       MySQL Package Installer: DMG Contents

    2. Double-click the MySQL installer package. It will be
       named according to the version of MySQL you have
       downloaded. For example, if you have downloaded MySQL
       server 5.5.42, double-click
       mysql-5.5.42-osx-10.7-x86_64.pkg.

    3. You will be presented with the opening installer dialog.
       Click Continue to begin installation.
       Figure 2.42 MySQL Package Installer: Introduction
       MySQL Package Installer: Introduction

    4. A copy of the installation instructions and other
       important information relevant to this installation are
       displayed. Click Continue .

    5. If you have downloaded the community version of MySQL,
       you will be shown a copy of the relevant GNU General
       Public License. Click Continue .

    6. Select the drive you want to use to install the MySQL
       Startup Item. The drive must have a valid, bootable, Mac
       OS X operating system installed. Click Continue.
       Figure 2.43 MySQL Package Installer: Choose your Hard
       drive
       MySQL Package Installer: Choose your Hard drive

    7. You will be asked to confirm the details of the
       installation, including the space required for the
       installation. To change the drive on which the MySQL
       server is installed, click either Go Back or Change
       Install Location.... To install the MySQL server, click
       Install.

    8. Once the installation has been completed successfully,
       you will be shown an Install Succeeded message.

   For convenience, you may also want to install the startup
   item and preference pane. See Section 2.4.3, "Installing the
   MySQL Startup Item," and Section 2.4.4, "Installing and Using
   the MySQL Preference Pane."

2.4.3 Installing the MySQL Startup Item

   The MySQL Installation Package includes a startup item that
   can be used to automatically start and stop MySQL.

   To install the MySQL Startup Item:

    1. Download and open the MySQL package installer, which is
       provided on a disk image (.dmg) that includes the main
       MySQL installation package, the MySQLStartupItem.pkg
       installation package, and the MySQL.prefPane.
       Double-click the disk image to open it.
       Figure 2.44 MySQL Package Installer: DMG Contents
       MySQL Package Installer: DMG Contents

    2. Double-click the MySQLStartItem.pkg file to start the
       installation process.

    3. You will be presented with the Install MySQL Startup Item
       dialog.
       Figure 2.45 MySQL Startup Item Installer: Introduction
       MySQL Startup Item Installer: Introduction
       Click Continue to continue the installation process.

    4. A copy of the installation instructions and other
       important information relevant to this installation are
       displayed. Click Continue .

    5. Select the drive you want to use to install the MySQL
       Startup Item. The drive must have a valid, bootable, Mac
       OS X operating system installed. Click Continue.
       Figure 2.46 MySQL Startup Item Installer: Choose Your
       Hard drive
       MySQL Startup Item Installer: Choose Your Hard drive

    6. You will be asked to confirm the details of the
       installation. To change the drive on which the startup
       item is installed, click either Go Back or Change Install
       Location.... To install the startup item, click Install.

    7. Once the installation has been completed successfully,
       you will be shown an Install Succeeded message.
       Figure 2.47 MySQL Startup Item Installer: Summary
       MySQL Startup Item Installer: Summary

   The Startup Item for MySQL is installed into
   /Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM. The Startup Item installation
   adds a variable MYSQLCOM=-YES- to the system configuration
   file /etc/hostconfig. If you want to disable the automatic
   startup of MySQL, change this variable to MYSQLCOM=-NO-.
   Note

   Deselecting Automatically Start MySQL Server on Startup from
   the MySQL Preference Pane sets the MYSQLCOM variable to -NO-.

   After the installation, you can start and stop the MySQL
   server from the MySQL Preference Pane (preferred), or by
   running the following commands in a terminal window. You must
   have administrator privileges to perform these tasks, and you
   may be prompted for your password.

   If you have installed the Startup Item, use this command to
   start the server:
shell> sudo /Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM/MySQLCOM start

   If you have installed the Startup Item, use this command to
   stop the server:
shell> sudo /Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM/MySQLCOM stop

2.4.4 Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane

   The MySQL Package installer disk image also includes a custom
   MySQL Preference Pane that enables you to start, stop, and
   control automated startup during boot of your MySQL
   installation.

   To install the MySQL Preference Pane:

    1. Download and open the MySQL package installer package,
       which is provided on a disk image (.dmg) that includes
       the main MySQL installation package, the
       MySQLStartupItem.pkg installation package, and the
       MySQL.prefPane. Double-click the disk image to open it.
       Figure 2.48 MySQL Package Installer: DMG Contents
       MySQL Package Installer: DMG Contents

    2. Double-click the MySQL.prefPane. The MySQL System
       Preferences will open.

    3. If this is the first time you have installed the
       preference pane, you will be asked to confirm
       installation and whether you want to install the
       preference pane for all users, or only the current user.
       To install the preference pane for all users you will
       need administrator privileges. If necessary, you will be
       prompted for the username and password for a user with
       administrator privileges.

    4. If you already have the MySQL Preference Pane installed,
       you will be asked to confirm whether you want to
       overwrite the existing MySQL Preference Pane.

   Note

   The MySQL Preference Pane only starts and stops MySQL
   installation installed from the MySQL package installation
   that have been installed in the default location.

   Once the MySQL Preference Pane has been installed, you can
   control your MySQL server instance using the preference pane.
   To use the preference pane, open the System Preferences...
   from the Apple menu. Select the MySQL preference pane by
   clicking the MySQL logo within the Other section of the
   preference panes list.

   Figure 2.49 MySQL Preference Pane: Location
   MySQL Preference Pane: Location

   The MySQL Preference Pane shows the current status of the
   MySQL server, showing stopped (in red) if the server is not
   running and running (in green) if the server has already been
   started. The preference pane also shows the current setting
   for whether the MySQL server has been set to start
   automatically.

     * To start the MySQL server using the preference pane:
       Click Start MySQL Server. You may be prompted for the
       username and password of a user with administrator
       privileges to start the MySQL server.

     * To stop the MySQL server using the preference pane:
       Click Stop MySQL Server. You may be prompted for the
       username and password of a user with administrator
       privileges to stop the MySQL server.

     * To automatically start the MySQL server when the system
       boots:
       Check the check box next to Automatically Start MySQL
       Server on Startup.

     * To disable automatic MySQL server startup when the system
       boots:
       Uncheck the check box next to Automatically Start MySQL
       Server on Startup.

   You can close the System Preferences... window once you have
   completed your settings.

2.4.5 Using the Bundled MySQL on Mac OS X Server

   If you are running Mac OS X Server, a version of MySQL should
   already be installed. The following table shows the versions
   of MySQL that ship with Mac OS X Server versions.

   Table 2.10 MySQL Versions Preinstalled with Mac OS X Server
   Mac OS X Server Version MySQL Version
   10.2-10.2.2             3.23.51
   10.2.3-10.2.6           3.23.53
   10.3                    4.0.14
   10.3.2                  4.0.16
   10.4.0                  4.1.10a
   10.5.0                  5.0.45
   10.6.0                  5.0.82

   The following table shows the installation layout of MySQL on
   Mac OS X Server.

   Table 2.11 MySQL Directory Layout for Preinstalled MySQL
   Installations on Mac OS X Server
   Directory Contents of Directory
   /usr/bin Client programs
   /var/mysql Log files, databases
   /usr/libexec The mysqld server
   /usr/share/man Unix manual pages
   /usr/share/mysql/mysql-test MySQL test suite
   /usr/share/mysql Miscellaneous support files, including error
   messages, character set files, sample configuration files,
   SQL for database installation
   /var/mysql/mysql.sock Location of the MySQL Unix socket

Additional Resources


     * For more information on managing the bundled MySQL
       instance in Mac OS X Server 10.5, see Mac OS X Server:
       Web Technologies Administration For Version 10.5 Leopard
       (http://images.apple.com/server/macosx/docs/Web_Technolog
       ies_Admin_v10.5.pdf).

     * For more information on managing the bundled MySQL
       instance in Mac OS X Server 10.6, see Mac OS X Server:
       Web Technologies Administration Version 10.6 Snow Leopard
       (http://manuals.info.apple.com/en_US/WebTech_v10.6.pdf).

     * The MySQL server bundled with Mac OS X Server does not
       include the MySQL client libraries and header files
       required to access and use MySQL from a third-party
       driver, such as Perl DBI or PHP. For more information on
       obtaining and installing MySQL libraries, see Mac OS X
       Server version 10.5: MySQL libraries available for
       download (http://support.apple.com/kb/TA25017).
       Alternatively, you can ignore the bundled MySQL server
       and install MySQL from the package or tarball
       installation.

2.5 Installing MySQL on Linux

   Linux supports a number of different solutions for installing
   MySQL. The recommended method is to use one of the
   distributions from Oracle. If you choose this method, there
   are several options available:

     * Installing from a generic binary package in .tar.gz
       format. See Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux
       Using Generic Binaries" for more information.

     * Extracting and compiling MySQL from a source
       distribution. For detailed instructions, see Section 2.9,
       "Installing MySQL from Source."

     * Installing using a precompiled RPM package. For more
       information, see Section 2.5.1, "Installing MySQL on
       Linux Using RPM Packages."

     * Installing using a precompiled Debian package. For more
       information, see Section 2.5.2, "Installing MySQL on
       Linux Using Debian Packages."

     * Installing using Oracle's Unbreakable Linux Network
       (ULN). For more information, see Section 2.6, "Installing
       MySQL Using Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN)."

   As an alternative, you can use the native package manager
   within your Linux distribution to automatically download and
   install MySQL for you. Native package installations can take
   care of the download and dependencies required to run MySQL,
   but the MySQL version will often be some versions behind the
   currently available release. You will also normally be unable
   to install development releases, as these are not usually
   made available in the native repository. For more information
   on using the native package installers, see Section 2.5.3,
   "Installing MySQL on Linux Using Native Package Managers."
   Note

   For many Linux installations, you will want to set up MySQL
   to be started automatically when your machine starts. Many of
   the native package installations perform this operation for
   you, but for source, binary and RPM solutions you may need to
   set this up separately. The required script, mysql.server,
   can be found in the support-files directory under the MySQL
   installation directory or in a MySQL source tree. You can
   install it as /etc/init.d/mysql for automatic MySQL startup
   and shutdown. See Section 2.10.1.2, "Starting and Stopping
   MySQL Automatically."

2.5.1 Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages

   Note

   To install or upgrade to MySQL 5.5.31, be sure to read the
   special instructions at the end of this section.

   The recommended way to install MySQL on RPM-based Linux
   distributions is by using the RPM packages. The RPMs that we
   provide to the community should work on all versions of Linux
   that support RPM packages and use glibc 2.3. To obtain RPM
   packages, see Section 2.1.3, "How to Get MySQL."

   For non-RPM Linux distributions, you can install MySQL using
   a .tar.gz package. See Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on
   Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries."

   Installations created from our Linux RPM distributions result
   in files under the system directories shown in the following
   table.

   Table 2.12 MySQL Installation Layout for Linux RPM Packages
   Directory Contents of Directory
   /usr/bin Client programs and scripts
   /usr/sbin The mysqld server
   /var/lib/mysql Log files, databases
   /usr/share/info Manual in Info format
   /usr/share/man Unix manual pages
   /usr/include/mysql Include (header) files
   /usr/lib/mysql Libraries
   /usr/share/mysql Miscellaneous support files, including error
   messages, character set files, sample configuration files,
   SQL for database installation
   /usr/share/sql-bench Benchmarks
   Note

   RPM distributions of MySQL are also provided by other
   vendors. Be aware that they may differ from those built by us
   in features, capabilities, and conventions (including
   communication setup), and that the instructions in this
   manual do not necessarily apply to installing them. The
   vendor's instructions should be consulted instead. Because of
   these differences, RPM packages built by us check whether
   such RPMs built by other vendors are installed. If so, the
   RPM does not install and produces a message explaining this.

   Conflicts can arise when an RPM from another vendor is
   already installed, such as when a vendor's convention about
   which files belong with the server and which belong with the
   client library differ from the breakdown used for Oracle
   packages. In such cases, attempts to install an Oracle RPM
   with rpm -i may result in messages that files in the RPM to
   be installed conflict with files from an installed package
   (denoted mysql-libs in the following paragraphs).

   We provide a MySQL-shared-compat package with each MySQL
   release. This package is meant to replace mysql-libs and
   provides a replacement-compatible client library for older
   MySQL series. MySQL-shared-compat is set up to make
   mysql-libs obsolete, but rpm explicitly refuses to replace
   obsoleted packages when invoked with -i (unlike -U), which is
   why installation with rpm -i produces a conflict.

   MySQL-shared-compat can safely be installed alongside
   mysql-libs because libraries are installed to different
   locations. Therefore, it is possible to install shared-compat
   first, then manually remove mysql-libs before continuing with
   the installation. After mysql-libs is removed, the dynamic
   linker stops looking for the client library in the location
   where mysql-libs puts it, and the library provided by the
   MySQL-shared-compat package takes over.

   Another alternative is to install packages using yum. In a
   directory containing all RPM packages for a MySQL release,
   yum install MySQL*rpm installs them in the correct order and
   removes mysql-libs in one step without conflicts.

   In most cases, you need to install only the MySQL-server and
   MySQL-client packages to get a functional MySQL installation.
   The other packages are not required for a standard
   installation.

   RPMs for MySQL Cluster.  Standard MySQL server RPMs built by
   MySQL do not provide support for the NDBCLUSTER storage
   engine.
   Important

   When upgrading a MySQL Cluster RPM installation, you must
   upgrade all installed RPMs, including the Server and Client
   RPMs.

   For more information about installing MySQL Cluster from
   RPMs, see Section 18.2, "MySQL Cluster Installation and
   Upgrades."

   For upgrades, if your installation was originally produced by
   installing multiple RPM packages, it is best to upgrade all
   the packages, not just some. For example, if you previously
   installed the server and client RPMs, do not upgrade just the
   server RPM.

   If the data directory exists at RPM installation time, the
   installation process does not modify existing data. This has
   the effect, for example, that accounts in the grant tables
   are not initialized to the default set of accounts.

   If you get a dependency failure when trying to install MySQL
   packages (for example, error: removing these packages would
   break dependencies: libmysqlclient.so.10 is needed by ...),
   you should also install the MySQL-shared-compat package,
   which includes the shared libraries for older releases for
   backward compatibility.

   The RPM packages shown in the following list are available.
   The names shown here use a suffix of .glibc23.i386.rpm, but
   particular packages can have different suffixes, described
   later. If you plan to install multiple RPM packages, you may
   wish to download the RPM Bundle tar file instead, which
   contains multiple RPM packages to that you need not download
   them separately.

     * MySQL-server-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
       The MySQL server. You need this unless you only want to
       connect to a MySQL server running on another machine.

     * MySQL-client-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
       The standard MySQL client programs. You probably always
       want to install this package.

     * MySQL-devel-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
       The libraries and include files that are needed if to
       compile other MySQL clients, such as the Perl modules.
       Install this RPM if you intend to compile C API
       applications.

     * MySQL-shared-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
       This package contains the shared libraries
       (libmysqlclient.so*) that certain languages and
       applications need to dynamically load and use MySQL. It
       contains single-threaded and thread-safe libraries.
       Install this RPM if you intend to compile or run C API
       applications that depend on the shared client library.
       Prior to MySQL 5.5.6, if you install this package, do not
       install the MySQL-shared-compat package.

     * MySQL-shared-compat-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
       This package includes the shared libraries for older
       releases. It contains single-threaded and thread-safe
       libraries. Install this package if you have applications
       installed that are dynamically linked against older
       versions of MySQL but you want to upgrade to the current
       version without breaking the library dependencies. Before
       MySQL 5.5.6, MySQL-shared-compat also includes the
       libraries for the current release, so if you install it,
       you should not also install MySQL-shared. As of 5.5.6,
       MySQL-shared-compat does not include the current library
       version, so there is no conflict.
       As of MySQL 5.5.23, the MySQL-shared-compat RPM package
       enables users of Red Hat-provided mysql-*-5.1 RPM
       packages to migrate to Oracle-provided MySQL-*-5.5
       packages. MySQL-shared-compat replaces the Red Hat
       mysql-libs package by replacing libmysqlclient.so files
       of the latter package, thus satisfying dependencies of
       other packages on mysql-libs. This change affects only
       users of Red Hat (or Red Hat-compatible) RPM packages.
       Nothing is different for users of Oracle RPM packages.

     * MySQL-embedded-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
       The embedded MySQL server library.

     * MySQL-test-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
       This package includes the MySQL test suite.

     * MySQL-VERSION.src.rpm
       This contains the source code for all of the previous
       packages. It can also be used to rebuild the RPMs on
       other architectures (for example, Alpha or SPARC).

   The suffix of RPM package names (following the VERSION value)
   has the following syntax:
.PLATFORM.CPU.rpm

   The PLATFORM and CPU values indicate the type of system for
   which the package is built. PLATFORM indicates the platform
   and CPU indicates the processor type or family.

   All packages are dynamically linked against glibc 2.3. The
   PLATFORM value indicates whether the package is platform
   independent or intended for a specific platform, as shown in
   the following table.

   Table 2.13 MySQL Linux Installation Packages
   PLATFORM Value Intended Use
   glibc23 Platform independent, should run on any Linux
   distribution that supports glibc 2.3
   rhel4, rhel5 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 or 5
   el6 Enterprise Linux 6
   sles10, sles11 SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 or 11

   In MySQL 5.5, only glibc23 packages are available currently.

   The CPU value indicates the processor type or family for
   which the package is built.

   Table 2.14 MySQL Installation Packages for Linux CPU
   Identifiers
      CPU Value      Intended Processor Type or Family
   i386, i586, i686 Pentium processor or better, 32 bit
   x86_64           64-bit x86 processor
   ia64             Itanium (IA-64) processor

   To see all files in an RPM package (for example, a
   MySQL-server RPM), run a command like this:
shell> rpm -qpl MySQL-server-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm

   To perform a standard minimal installation, install the
   server and client RPMs:
shell> rpm -i MySQL-server-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
shell> rpm -i MySQL-client-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm

   To install only the client programs, install just the client
   RPM:
shell> rpm -i MySQL-client-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm

   RPM provides a feature to verify the integrity and
   authenticity of packages before installing them. To learn
   more about this feature, see Section 2.1.4, "Verifying
   Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG."

   The server RPM places data under the /var/lib/mysql
   directory. The RPM also creates a login account for a user
   named mysql (if one does not exist) to use for running the
   MySQL server, and creates the appropriate entries in
   /etc/init.d/ to start the server automatically at boot time.
   (This means that if you have performed a previous
   installation and have made changes to its startup script, you
   may want to make a copy of the script so that you do not lose
   it when you install a newer RPM.) See Section 2.10.1.2,
   "Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically," for more
   information on how MySQL can be started automatically on
   system startup.

   In MySQL 5.5.5 and later, during a new installation, the
   server boot scripts are installed, but the MySQL server is
   not started at the end of the installation, since the status
   of the server during an unattended installation is not known.

   In MySQL 5.5.5 and later, during an upgrade installation
   using the RPM packages, if the MySQL server is running when
   the upgrade occurs, the MySQL server is stopped, the upgrade
   occurs, and the MySQL server is restarted. If the MySQL
   server is not already running when the RPM upgrade occurs,
   the MySQL server is not started at the end of the
   installation.

   If something goes wrong, you can find more information in the
   binary installation section. See Section 2.2, "Installing
   MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries."
   Note

   The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables
   initially have no passwords. After starting the server, you
   should set up passwords for them using the instructions in
   Section 2.10, "Postinstallation Setup and Testing."

   During RPM installation, a user named mysql and a group named
   mysql are created on the system. This is done using the
   useradd, groupadd, and usermod commands. Those commands
   require appropriate administrative privileges, which is
   required for locally managed users and groups (as listed in
   the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files) by the RPM installation
   process being run by root.

   If you log in as the mysql user, you may find that MySQL
   displays "Invalid (old?) table or database name" errors that
   mention .mysqlgui, lost+found, .mysqlgui, .bash_history,
   .fonts.cache-1, .lesshst, .mysql_history, .profile, .viminfo,
   and similar files created by MySQL or operating system
   utilities. You can safely ignore these error messages or
   remove the files or directories that cause them if you do not
   need them.

   For nonlocal user management (LDAP, NIS, and so forth), the
   administrative tools may require additional authentication
   (such as a password), and will fail if the installing user
   does not provide this authentication. Even if they fail, the
   RPM installation will not abort but succeed, and this is
   intentional. If they failed, some of the intended transfer of
   ownership may be missing, and it is recommended that the
   system administrator then manually ensures some appropriate
   user and group exists and manually transfers ownership
   following the actions in the RPM spec file.

   In MySQL 5.5.31, the RPM spec file has been updated, which
   has the following consequences:

     * For a non-upgrade installation (no existing MySQL version
       installed), it possible to install MySQL using yum.

     * For upgrades, it is necessary to clean up any earlier
       MySQL installations. In effect, the update is performed
       by removing the old installations and installing the new
       one.

   Additional details follow.

   For a non-upgrade installation of MySQL 5.5.31, it is
   possible to install using yum:
shell> yum install MySQL-server-NEWVERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm

   For upgrades to MySQL 5.5.31, the upgrade is performed by
   removing the old installation and installing the new one. To
   do this, use the following procedure:

    1. Remove the existing 5.5.X installation. OLDVERSION is the
       version to remove.
shell> rpm -e MySQL-server-OLDVERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm

       Repeat this step for all installed MySQL RPMs.

    2. Install the new version. NEWVERSION is the version to
       install.
shell> rpm -ivh MySQL-server-NEWVERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm

   Alternatively, the removal and installation can be done using
   yum:
shell> yum remove MySQL-server-OLDVERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
shell> yum install MySQL-server-NEWVERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm

2.5.2 Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages

   Oracle provides Debian packages for installation on Debian or
   Debian-like Linux systems. To obtain a package, see Section
   2.1.3, "How to Get MySQL."
   Note

   Debian distributions of MySQL are also provided by other
   vendors. Be aware that they may differ from those built by us
   in features, capabilities, and conventions (including
   communication setup), and that the instructions in this
   manual do not necessarily apply to installing them. The
   vendor's instructions should be consulted instead.

   Debian package files have names in mysql-MVER-DVER-CPU.deb
   format. MVER is the MySQL version and DVER is the Debian
   version. The CPU value indicates the processor type or family
   for which the package is built, as shown in the following
   table.

   Table 2.15 MySQL Installation Packages for Linux CPU
   Identifiers
   CPU Value  Intended Processor Type or Family
   i686      Pentium processor or better, 32 bit
   x86_64    64-bit x86 processor

   After downloading a Debian package, use the following command
   to install it;
shell> dpkg -i mysql-MVER-DVER-CPU.deb

   The Debian package installs files in the
   /opt/mysql/server-5.5 directory.

   You may also need to install the libaio library if it is not
   already present on your system:
shell> apt-get install libaio1

2.5.3 Installing MySQL on Linux Using Native Package Managers

   Many Linux distributions include a version of the MySQL
   server, client tools, and development components into the
   standard package management system built into distributions
   such as Fedora, Debian, Ubuntu, and Gentoo. This section
   provides basic instructions for installing MySQL using these
   systems.
   Important

   Native package installations can take care of the download
   and dependencies required to run MySQL, but the MySQL version
   will often be some way behind the currently available
   release. You will also normally be unable to install
   development releases, as these are not usually made available
   in the native repository.

   Distribution specific instructions are shown below:

     * Red Hat Linux, Fedora, CentOS
       For Red Hat and similar distributions, the MySQL
       distribution is divided into a number of separate
       packages, mysql for the client tools, mysql-server for
       the server and associated tools, and mysql-libs for the
       libraries. The libraries are required if you want to
       provide connectivity from different languages and
       environments such as Perl, Python and others.
       To install, use the yum command to specify the packages
       that you want to install. For example:
root-shell> yum install mysql mysql-server mysql-libs mysql-server
Loaded plugins: presto, refresh-packagekit
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mysql.x86_64 0:5.1.48-2.fc13 set to be updated
---> Package mysql-libs.x86_64 0:5.1.48-2.fc13 set to be updated
---> Package mysql-server.x86_64 0:5.1.48-2.fc13 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: perl-DBD-MySQL for package: mysql-server-5.
1.48-2.fc13.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64 0:4.017-1.fc13 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

======================================================================
==========
 Package               Arch          Version               Repository
     Size
======================================================================
==========
Installing:
 mysql                 x86_64        5.1.48-2.fc13         updates
    889 k
 mysql-libs            x86_64        5.1.48-2.fc13         updates
    1.2 M
 mysql-server          x86_64        5.1.48-2.fc13         updates
    8.1 M
Installing for dependencies:
 perl-DBD-MySQL        x86_64        4.017-1.fc13          updates
    136 k

Transaction Summary
======================================================================
==========
Install       4 Package(s)
Upgrade       0 Package(s)

Total download size: 10 M
Installed size: 30 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Setting up and reading Presto delta metadata
Processing delta metadata
Package(s) data still to download: 10 M
(1/4): mysql-5.1.48-2.fc13.x86_64.rpm                    | 889 kB
00:04
(2/4): mysql-libs-5.1.48-2.fc13.x86_64.rpm               | 1.2 MB
00:06
(3/4): mysql-server-5.1.48-2.fc13.x86_64.rpm             | 8.1 MB
00:40
(4/4): perl-DBD-MySQL-4.017-1.fc13.x86_64.rpm            | 136 kB
00:00
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
Total                                           201 kB/s |  10 MB
00:52
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Installing     : mysql-libs-5.1.48-2.fc13.x86_64
      1/4
  Installing     : mysql-5.1.48-2.fc13.x86_64
      2/4
  Installing     : perl-DBD-MySQL-4.017-1.fc13.x86_64
      3/4
  Installing     : mysql-server-5.1.48-2.fc13.x86_64
      4/4

Installed:
  mysql.x86_64 0:5.1.48-2.fc13            mysql-libs.x86_64 0:5.1.48-2
.fc13
  mysql-server.x86_64 0:5.1.48-2.fc13

Dependency Installed:
  perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64 0:4.017-1.fc13


Complete!

       MySQL and the MySQL server should now be installed. A
       sample configuration file is installed into /etc/my.cnf.
       An init script, to start and stop the server, will have
       been installed into /etc/init.d/mysqld. To start the
       MySQL server use service:
root-shell> service mysqld start

       To enable the server to be started and stopped
       automatically during boot, use chkconfig:
root-shell> chkconfig --levels 235 mysqld on

       Which enables the MySQL server to be started (and
       stopped) automatically at the specified the run levels.
       The database tables will have been automatically created
       for you, if they do not already exist. You should,
       however, run mysql_secure_installation to set the root
       passwords on your server.

     * Debian, Ubuntu, Kubuntu
       On Debian and related distributions, there are two
       packages, mysql-client and mysql-server, for the client
       and server components respectively. You should specify an
       explicit version, for example mysql-client-5.1, to ensure
       that you install the version of MySQL that you want.
       To download and install, including any dependencies, use
       the apt-get command, specifying the packages that you
       want to install.
       Note
       Before installing, make sure that you update your apt-get
       index files to ensure you are downloading the latest
       available version.
       A sample installation of the MySQL packages might look
       like this (some sections trimmed for clarity):
root-shell> apt-get install mysql-client-5.1 mysql-server-5.1
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer
required:
  linux-headers-2.6.28-11 linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following extra packages will be installed:
  bsd-mailx libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl libhtml-template-perl
  libmysqlclient15off libmysqlclient16 libnet-daemon-perl libplrpc-per
l mailx
  mysql-common postfix
Suggested packages:
  dbishell libipc-sharedcache-perl tinyca procmail postfix-mysql postf
ix-pgsql
  postfix-ldap postfix-pcre sasl2-bin resolvconf postfix-cdb
The following NEW packages will be installed
  bsd-mailx libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl libhtml-template-perl
  libmysqlclient15off libmysqlclient16 libnet-daemon-perl libplrpc-per
l mailx
  mysql-client-5.1 mysql-common mysql-server-5.1 postfix
0 upgraded, 13 newly installed, 0 to remove and 182 not upgraded.
Need to get 1907kB/25.3MB of archives.
After this operation, 59.5MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? Y
Get: 1 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com jaunty-updates/main mysql-common 5
.1.30really5.0.75-0ubuntu10.5 [63.6kB]
Get: 2 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com jaunty-updates/main libmysqlclient
15off 5.1.30really5.0.75-0ubuntu10.5 [1843kB]
Fetched 1907kB in 9s (205kB/s)

Preconfiguring packages ...
Selecting previously deselected package mysql-common.
(Reading database ... 121260 files and directories currently installed
.)
...
Processing 1 added doc-base file(s)...
Registering documents with scrollkeeper...
Setting up libnet-daemon-perl (0.43-1) ...
Setting up libplrpc-perl (0.2020-1) ...
Setting up libdbi-perl (1.607-1) ...
Setting up libmysqlclient15off (5.1.30really5.0.75-0ubuntu10.5) ...

Setting up libdbd-mysql-perl (4.008-1) ...
Setting up libmysqlclient16 (5.1.31-1ubuntu2) ...

Setting up mysql-client-5.1 (5.1.31-1ubuntu2) ...

Setting up mysql-server-5.1 (5.1.31-1ubuntu2) ...

 * Stopping MySQL database server mysqld
   ...done.
100825 11:46:15  InnoDB: Started; log sequence number 0 46409
100825 11:46:15  InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
100825 11:46:17  InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 0 464
09
100825 11:46:17 [Warning] Forcing shutdown of 1 plugins

 * Starting MySQL database server mysqld
   ...done.

 * Checking for corrupt, not cleanly closed and upgrade needing tables
.
...
Processing triggers for libc6 ...
ldconfig deferred processing now taking place

       Note
       The apt-get command will install a number of packages,
       including the MySQL server, in order to provide the
       typical tools and application environment. This can mean
       that you install a large number of packages in addition
       to the main MySQL package.
       During installation, the initial database will be
       created, and you will be prompted for the MySQL root
       password (and confirmation). A configuration file will
       have been created in /etc/mysql/my.cnf. An init script
       will have been created in /etc/init.d/mysql.
       The server will already be started. You can manually
       start and stop the server using:
root-shell> service mysql [start|stop]

       The service will automatically be added to the 2, 3 and 4
       run levels, with stop scripts in the single, shutdown and
       restart levels.

     * Gentoo Linux
       As a source-based distribution, installing MySQL on
       Gentoo involves downloading the source, patching the
       Gentoo specifics, and then compiling the MySQL server and
       installing it. This process is handled automatically by
       the emerge command. Depending on the version of MySQL
       that you want to install, you may need to unmask the
       specific version that you want for your chosen platform.
       The MySQL server and client tools are provided within a
       single package, dev-db/mysql. You can obtain a list of
       the versions available to install by looking at the
       portage directory for the package:
root-shell> ls /usr/portage/dev-db/mysql/mysql-5.1*
mysql-5.1.39-r1.ebuild
mysql-5.1.44-r1.ebuild
mysql-5.1.44-r2.ebuild
mysql-5.1.44-r3.ebuild
mysql-5.1.44.ebuild
mysql-5.1.45-r1.ebuild
mysql-5.1.45.ebuild
mysql-5.1.46.ebuild

       To install a specific MySQL version, you must specify the
       entire atom. For example:
root-shell> emerge =dev-db/mysql-5.1.46

       A simpler alternative is to use the virtual/mysql-5.1
       package, which will install the latest version:
root-shell> emerge =virtual/mysql-5.1

       If the package is masked (because it is not tested or
       certified for the current platform), use the
       ACCEPT_KEYWORDS environment variable. For example:
root-shell> ACCEPT_KEYWORDS="~x86" emerge =virtual/mysql-5.1

       After installation, you should create a new database
       using mysql_install_db, and set the password for the root
       user on MySQL. You can use the configuration interface to
       set the password and create the initial database:
root-shell> emerge --config =dev-db/mysql-5.1.46

       A sample configuration file will have been created for
       you in /etc/mysql/my.cnf, and an init script will have
       been created in /etc/init.d/mysql.
       To enable MySQL to start automatically at the normal
       (default) run levels, you can use:
root-shell> rc-update add mysql default

2.6 Installing MySQL Using Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN)

   Linux supports a number of different solutions for installing
   MySQL, covered in Section 2.5, "Installing MySQL on Linux."
   One of the methods, covered in this section, is installing
   from Oracles's Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN). You can find
   information about Oracle Linux and ULN under
   http://linux.oracle.com/.

   To use ULN, you need to obtain a ULN login and register the
   machine used for installation with ULN. This is described in
   detail in the ULN FAQ
   (https://linux.oracle.com/uln_faq.html). The page also
   describes how to install and update packages.The MySQL
   packages are in the "MySQL for Oracle Linux 6" channel for
   your system architecture on ULN.
   Note

   At the time of this writing, ULN provides MySQL 5.5 for
   Oracle Linux 6.

   Once MySQL has been installed using ULN, you can find
   information on starting and stopping the server, and more, in
   this section, particularly under Section 2.5.1, "Installing
   MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages."

   If you're updating an existing MySQL installation to an
   installation using ULN, the recommended procedure is to
   export your data using mysqldump, remove the existing
   installation, install MySQL from ULN, and load the exported
   data into your freshly installed MySQL.

   If the existing MySQL installation you're upgrading from is
   from a previous release series (prior to MySQL 5.5), make
   sure to read the section on upgrading MySQL, Section 2.11.1,
   "Upgrading MySQL."

2.7 Installing MySQL on Solaris and OpenSolaris

   MySQL on Solaris and OpenSolaris is available in a number of
   different formats.

     * For information on installing using the native Solaris
       PKG format, see Section 2.7.1, "Installing MySQL on
       Solaris Using a Solaris PKG."

     * On OpenSolaris, the standard package repositories include
       MySQL packages specially built for OpenSolaris that
       include entries for the Service Management Framework
       (SMF) to enable control of the installation using the SMF
       administration commands. For more information, see
       Section 2.7.2, "Installing MySQL on OpenSolaris Using
       IPS."

     * To use a standard tar binary installation, use the notes
       provided in Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux
       Using Generic Binaries." Check the notes and hints at the
       end of this section for Solaris specific notes that you
       may need before or after installation.

   To obtain a binary MySQL distribution for Solaris in tarball
   or PKG format, http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/5.5.html.

   Additional notes to be aware of when installing and using
   MySQL on Solaris:

     * If you want to use MySQL with the mysql user and group,
       use the groupadd and useradd commands:
groupadd mysql
useradd -g mysql mysql


     * If you install MySQL using a binary tarball distribution
       on Solaris, you may run into trouble even before you get
       the MySQL distribution unpacked, as the Solaris tar
       cannot handle long file names. This means that you may
       see errors when you try to unpack MySQL.
       If this occurs, you must use GNU tar (gtar) to unpack the
       distribution. In Solaris 10 and OpenSolaris gtar is
       normally located in /usr/sfw/bin/gtar, but may not be
       included in the default path definition.

     * When using Solaris 10 for x86_64, you should mount any
       file systems on which you intend to store InnoDB files
       with the forcedirectio option. (By default mounting is
       done without this option.) Failing to do so will cause a
       significant drop in performance when using the InnoDB
       storage engine on this platform.

     * If you would like MySQL to start automatically, you can
       copy support-files/mysql.server to /etc/init.d and create
       a symbolic link to it named /etc/rc3.d/S99mysql.server.

     * If too many processes try to connect very rapidly to
       mysqld, you should see this error in the MySQL log:
Error in accept: Protocol error

       You might try starting the server with the --back_log=50
       option as a workaround for this.

     * To configure the generation of core files on Solaris you
       should use the coreadm command. Because of the security
       implications of generating a core on a setuid()
       application, by default, Solaris does not support core
       files on setuid() programs. However, you can modify this
       behavior using coreadm. If you enable setuid() core files
       for the current user, they will be generated using the
       mode 600 and owned by the superuser.

2.7.1 Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG

   You can install MySQL on Solaris and OpenSolaris using a
   binary package using the native Solaris PKG format instead of
   the binary tarball distribution.

   To use this package, download the corresponding
   mysql-VERSION-solaris10-PLATFORM.pkg.gz file, then uncompress
   it. For example:
shell> gunzip mysql-5.5.42-solaris10-x86_64.pkg.gz

   To install a new package, use pkgadd and follow the onscreen
   prompts. You must have root privileges to perform this
   operation:
shell> pkgadd -d mysql-5.5.42-solaris10-x86_64.pkg

The following packages are available:
  1  mysql     MySQL Community Server (GPL)
               (i86pc) 5.5.42

Select package(s) you wish to process (or 'all' to process
all packages). (default: all) [?,??,q]:

   The PKG installer installs all of the files and tools needed,
   and then initializes your database if one does not exist. To
   complete the installation, you should set the root password
   for MySQL as provided in the instructions at the end of the
   installation. Alternatively, you can run the
   mysql_secure_installation script that comes with the
   installation.

   By default, the PKG package installs MySQL under the root
   path /opt/mysql. You can change only the installation root
   path when using pkgadd, which can be used to install MySQL in
   a different Solaris zone. If you need to install in a
   specific directory, use a binary tar file distribution.

   The pkg installer copies a suitable startup script for MySQL
   into /etc/init.d/mysql. To enable MySQL to startup and
   shutdown automatically, you should create a link between this
   file and the init script directories. For example, to ensure
   safe startup and shutdown of MySQL you could use the
   following commands to add the right links:
shell> ln /etc/init.d/mysql /etc/rc3.d/S91mysql
shell> ln /etc/init.d/mysql /etc/rc0.d/K02mysql

   To remove MySQL, the installed package name is mysql. You can
   use this in combination with the pkgrm command to remove the
   installation.

   To upgrade when using the Solaris package file format, you
   must remove the existing installation before installing the
   updated package. Removal of the package does not delete the
   existing database information, only the server, binaries and
   support files. The typical upgrade sequence is therefore:
shell> mysqladmin shutdown
shell> pkgrm mysql
shell> pkgadd -d mysql-5.5.42-solaris10-x86_64.pkg
shell> mysqld_safe &
shell> mysql_upgrade

   You should check the notes in Section 2.11, "Upgrading or
   Downgrading MySQL" before performing any upgrade.

2.7.2 Installing MySQL on OpenSolaris Using IPS

   OpenSolaris includes standard packages for MySQL in the core
   repository. The MySQL packages are based on a specific
   release of MySQL and updated periodically. For the latest
   release you must use either the native Solaris PKG, tar, or
   source installations. The native OpenSolaris packages include
   SMF files so that you can easily control your MySQL
   installation, including automatic startup and recovery, using
   the native service management tools.

   To install MySQL on OpenSolaris, use the pkg command. You
   will need to be logged in as root, or use the pfexec tool, as
   shown in the example below:
shell> pfexec pkg install SUNWmysql55

   The package set installs three individual packages,
   SUNWmysql55lib, which contains the MySQL client libraries;
   SUNWmysql55r which contains the root components, including
   SMF and configuration files; and SUNWmysql55u which contains
   the scripts, binary tools and other files. You can install
   these packages individually if you only need the
   corresponding components.

   The MySQL files are installed into /usr/mysql which symbolic
   links for the sub directories (bin, lib, etc.) to a version
   specific directory. For MySQL 5.5, the full installation is
   located in /usr/mysql/5.5. The default data directory is
   /var/mysql/5.5/data. The configuration file is installed in
   /etc/mysql/5.5/my.cnf. This layout permits multiple versions
   of MySQL to be installed, without overwriting the data and
   binaries from other versions.

   Once installed, you must run mysql_install_db to initialize
   the database, and use the mysql_secure_installation to secure
   your installation.

Using SMF to manage your MySQL installation

   Once installed, you can start and stop your MySQL server
   using the installed SMF configuration. The service name is
   mysql, or if you have multiple versions installed, you should
   use the full version name, for example mysql:version_55. To
   start and enable MySQL to be started at boot time:
shell> svcadm enable mysql

   To disable MySQL from starting during boot time, and shut the
   MySQL server down if it is running, use:
shell> svcadm disable mysql

   To restart MySQL, for example after a configuration file
   changes, use the restart option:
shell> svcadm restart mysql

   You can also use SMF to configure the data directory and
   enable full 64-bit mode. For example, to set the data
   directory used by MySQL:
shell> svccfg
svc:> select mysql:version_55
svc:/application/database/mysql:version_55> setprop mysql/data=/data0/
mysql

   By default, the 32-bit binaries are used. To enable the
   64-bit server on 64-bit platforms, set the enable_64bit
   parameter. For example:
svc:/application/database/mysql:version_55> setprop mysql/enable_64bit
=1

   You need to refresh the SMF after settings these options:
shell> svcadm refresh mysql

2.8 Installing MySQL on FreeBSD

   This section provides information about installing MySQL on
   variants of FreeBSD Unix.

   You can install MySQL on FreeBSD by using the binary
   distribution provided by Oracle. For more information, see
   Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic
   Binaries."

   The easiest (and preferred) way to install MySQL is to use
   the mysql-server and mysql-client ports available at
   http://www.freebsd.org/. Using these ports gives you the
   following benefits:

     * A working MySQL with all optimizations enabled that are
       known to work on your version of FreeBSD.

     * Automatic configuration and build.

     * Startup scripts installed in /usr/local/etc/rc.d.

     * The ability to use pkg_info -L to see which files are
       installed.

     * The ability to use pkg_delete to remove MySQL if you no
       longer want it on your machine.

   The MySQL build process requires GNU make (gmake) to work. If
   GNU make is not available, you must install it first before
   compiling MySQL.

   To install using the ports system:
# cd /usr/ports/databases/mysql51-server
# make
...
# cd /usr/ports/databases/mysql51-client
# make
...

   The standard port installation places the server into
   /usr/local/libexec/mysqld, with the startup script for the
   MySQL server placed in /usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql-server.

   Some additional notes on the BSD implementation:

     * To remove MySQL after installation using the ports
       system:
# cd /usr/ports/databases/mysql51-server
# make deinstall
...
# cd /usr/ports/databases/mysql51-client
# make deinstall
...


     * If you get problems with the current date in MySQL,
       setting the TZ variable should help. See Section 2.12,
       "Environment Variables."

2.9 Installing MySQL from Source

   Building MySQL from the source code enables you to customize
   build parameters, compiler optimizations, and installation
   location. For a list of systems on which MySQL is known to
   run, see
   http://www.mysql.com/support/supportedplatforms/database.html
   .

   Before you proceed with an installation from source, check
   whether Oracle produces a precompiled binary distribution for
   your platform and whether it works for you. We put a great
   deal of effort into ensuring that our binaries are built with
   the best possible options for optimal performance.
   Instructions for installing binary distributions are
   available in Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux
   Using Generic Binaries."
   Note

   This section describes how to build MySQL from source using
   CMake. Before MySQL 5.5, source builds used the GNU autotools
   on Unix-like systems. Source builds on Windows used CMake,
   but the process was different from that described here. For
   source-building instructions for older versions of MySQL, see
   Installing MySQL from Source
   (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/source-installation.h
   tml), in the MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual. If you are familiar
   with autotools but not CMake, you might find these transition
   instructions helpful: Autotools to CMake Transition Guide
   (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/autotools-to-cmake.htm
   l)

Source Installation Methods

   There are two methods for installing MySQL from source:

     * Use a standard MySQL source distribution. To obtain a
       standard distribution, see Section 2.1.3, "How to Get
       MySQL." For instructions on building from a standard
       distribution, see Section 2.9.2, "Installing MySQL Using
       a Standard Source Distribution."
       Standard distributions are available as compressed tar
       files, Zip archives, or RPM packages. Distribution files
       have names of the form mysql-VERSION.tar.gz,
       mysql-VERSION.zip, or mysql-VERSION.rpm, where VERSION is
       a number like 5.5.42. File names for source distributions
       can be distinguished from those for precompiled binary
       distributions in that source distribution names are
       generic and include no platform name, whereas binary
       distribution names include a platform name indicating the
       type of system for which the distribution is intended
       (for example, pc-linux-i686 or winx64).

     * Use a MySQL development tree. Development trees have not
       necessarily received the same level of testing as
       standard release distributions, so this installation
       method is usually required only if you need the most
       recent code changes. For information on building from one
       of the development trees, see Section 2.9.3, "Installing
       MySQL Using a Development Source Tree."

Source Installation System Requirements

   Installation of MySQL from source requires several
   development tools. Some of these tools are needed no matter
   whether you use a standard source distribution or a
   development source tree. Other tool requirements depend on
   which installation method you use.

   To install MySQL from source, your system must have the
   following tools, regardless of installation method:

     * CMake, which is used as the build framework on all
       platforms. CMake can be downloaded from
       http://www.cmake.org.

     * A good make program. Although some platforms come with
       their own make implementations, it is highly recommended
       that you use GNU make 3.75 or newer. It may already be
       available on your system as gmake. GNU make is available
       from http://www.gnu.org/software/make/.

     * A working ANSI C++ compiler. GCC 4.2.1 or later, Sun
       Studio 12 or later, Visual Studio 2008 or later, and many
       current vendor-supplied compilers are known to work.

     * Perl is needed if you intend to run test scripts. Most
       Unix-like systems include Perl. On Windows, you can use a
       version such as ActiveState Perl.

   To install MySQL from a standard source distribution, one of
   the following tools is required to unpack the distribution
   file:

     * For a .tar.gz compressed tar file: GNU gunzip to
       uncompress the distribution and a reasonable tar to
       unpack it. If your tar program supports the z option, it
       can both uncompress and unpack the file.
       GNU tar is known to work. The standard tar provided with
       some operating systems is not able to unpack the long
       file names in the MySQL distribution. You should download
       and install GNU tar, or if available, use a preinstalled
       version of GNU tar. Usually this is available as gnutar,
       gtar, or as tar within a GNU or Free Software directory,
       such as /usr/sfw/bin or /usr/local/bin. GNU tar is
       available from http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/.

     * For a .zip Zip archive: WinZip or another tool that can
       read .zip files.

     * For an .rpm RPM package: The rpmbuild program used to
       build the distribution unpacks it.

   To install MySQL from a development source tree, the
   following additional tools are required:

     * To obtain the source tree, you must have Bazaar
       installed. The Bazaar VCS Web site
       (http://bazaar-vcs.org) has instructions for downloading
       and installing Bazaar on different platforms. Bazaar is
       supported on any platform that supports Python, and is
       therefore compatible with any Linux, Unix, Windows, or
       Mac OS X host.

     * bison 2.1 or newer, available from
       http://www.gnu.org/software/bison/. (Version 1 is no
       longer supported.) Use the latest version of bison where
       possible; if you experience problems, upgrade to a later
       version, rather than revert to an earlier one.
       bison is available from
       http://www.gnu.org/software/bison/. bison for Windows can
       be downloaded from
       http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/bison.htm.
       Download the package labeled "Complete package, excluding
       sources". On Windows, the default location for bison is
       the C:\Program Files\GnuWin32 directory. Some utilities
       may fail to find bison because of the space in the
       directory name. Also, Visual Studio may simply hang if
       there are spaces in the path. You can resolve these
       problems by installing into a directory that does not
       contain a space; for example C:\GnuWin32.

     * On OpenSolaris and Solaris Express, m4 must be installed
       in addition to bison. m4 is available from
       http://www.gnu.org/software/m4/.

   Note

   If you have to install any programs, modify your PATH
   environment variable to include any directories in which the
   programs are located. See Section 4.2.10, "Setting
   Environment Variables."

   If you run into problems and need to file a bug report,
   please use the instructions in Section 1.7, "How to Report
   Bugs or Problems."

2.9.1 MySQL Layout for Source Installation

   By default, when you install MySQL after compiling it from
   source, the installation step installs files under
   /usr/local/mysql. The component locations under the
   installation directory are the same as for binary
   distributions. See Section 2.2, "MySQL Installation Layout
   for Generic Unix/Linux Binary Package," and Section 2.3.1,
   "MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows." To
   configure installation locations different from the defaults,
   use the options described at Section 2.9.4, "MySQL
   Source-Configuration Options."

2.9.2 Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution

   To install MySQL from a standard source distribution:

    1. Verify that your system satisfies the tool requirements
       listed at Section 2.9, "Installing MySQL from Source."

    2. Obtain a distribution file using the instructions in
       Section 2.1.3, "How to Get MySQL."

    3. Configure, build, and install the distribution using the
       instructions in this section.

    4. Perform postinstallation procedures using the
       instructions in Section 2.10, "Postinstallation Setup and
       Testing."

   In MySQL 5.5, CMake is used as the build framework on all
   platforms. The instructions given here should enable you to
   produce a working installation. For additional information on
   using CMake to build MySQL, see How to Build MySQL Server
   with CMake
   (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/cmake.html).

   If you start from a source RPM, use the following command to
   make a binary RPM that you can install. If you do not have
   rpmbuild, use rpm instead.
shell> rpmbuild --rebuild --clean MySQL-VERSION.src.rpm

   The result is one or more binary RPM packages that you
   install as indicated in Section 2.5.1, "Installing MySQL on
   Linux Using RPM Packages."

   The sequence for installation from a compressed tar file or
   Zip archive source distribution is similar to the process for
   installing from a generic binary distribution (see Section
   2.2, "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic
   Binaries"), except that it is used on all platforms and
   includes steps to configure and compile the distribution. For
   example, with a compressed tar file source distribution on
   Unix, the basic installation command sequence looks like
   this:
# Preconfiguration setup
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -r -g mysql mysql
# Beginning of source-build specific instructions
shell> tar zxvf mysql-VERSION.tar.gz
shell> cd mysql-VERSION
shell> cmake .
shell> make
shell> make install
# End of source-build specific instructions
# Postinstallation setup
shell> cd /usr/local/mysql
shell> chown -R mysql .
shell> chgrp -R mysql .
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
shell> chown -R root .
shell> chown -R mysql data
# Next command is optional
shell> cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
# Next command is optional
shell> cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql.server

   A more detailed version of the source-build specific
   instructions is shown following.
   Note

   The procedure shown here does not set up any passwords for
   MySQL accounts. After following the procedure, proceed to
   Section 2.10, "Postinstallation Setup and Testing," for
   postinstallation setup and testing.

Perform Preconfiguration Setup

   On Unix, set up the mysql user and group that will be used to
   run and execute the MySQL server and own the database
   directory. For details, see Creating a mysql System User and
   Group, in Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using
   Generic Binaries." Then perform the following steps as the
   mysql user, except as noted.

Obtain and Unpack the Distribution

   Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the
   distribution and change location into it.

   Obtain a distribution file using the instructions in Section
   2.1.3, "How to Get MySQL."

   Unpack the distribution into the current directory:

     * To unpack a compressed tar file, tar can uncompress and
       unpack the distribution if it has z option support:
shell> tar zxvf mysql-VERSION.tar.gz

       If your tar does not have z option support, use gunzip to
       unpack the distribution and tar to unpack it:
shell> gunzip < mysql-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -

       Alternatively, CMake can uncompress and unpack the
       distribution:
shell> cmake -E tar zxvf mysql-VERSION.tar.gz


     * To unpack a Zip archive, use WinZip or another tool that
       can read .zip files.

   Unpacking the distribution file creates a directory named
   mysql-VERSION.

Configure the Distribution

   Change location into the top-level directory of the unpacked
   distribution:
shell> cd mysql-VERSION

   Configure the source directory. The minimum configuration
   command includes no options to override configuration
   defaults:
shell> cmake .

   On Windows, specify the development environment. For example,
   the following commands configure MySQL for 32-bit or 64-bit
   builds, respectively:
shell> cmake . -G "Visual Studio 9 2008"
shell> cmake . -G "Visual Studio 9 2008 Win64"

   On Mac OS X, to use the Xcode IDE:
shell> cmake . -G Xcode

   When you run cmake, you might want to add options to the
   command line. Here are some examples:

     * -DBUILD_CONFIG=mysql_release: Configure the source with
       the same build options used by Oracle to produce binary
       distributions for official MySQL releases.

     * -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=dir_name: Configure the
       distribution for installation under a particular
       location.

     * -DCPACK_MONOLITHIC_INSTALL=1: Cause make package to
       generate a single installation file rather than multiple
       files.

     * -DWITH_DEBUG=1: Build the distribution with debugging
       support.

   For a more extensive list of options, see Section 2.9.4,
   "MySQL Source-Configuration Options."

   To list the configuration options, use one of the following
   commands:
shell> cmake . -L   # overview
shell> cmake . -LH  # overview with help text
shell> cmake . -LAH # all params with help text
shell> ccmake .     # interactive display

   If CMake fails, you might need to reconfigure by running it
   again with different options. If you do reconfigure, take
   note of the following:

     * If CMake is run after it has previously been run, it may
       use information that was gathered during its previous
       invocation. This information is stored in CMakeCache.txt.
       When CMake starts up, it looks for that file and reads
       its contents if it exists, on the assumption that the
       information is still correct. That assumption is invalid
       when you reconfigure.

     * Each time you run CMake, you must run make again to
       recompile. However, you may want to remove old object
       files from previous builds first because they were
       compiled using different configuration options.

   To prevent old object files or configuration information from
   being used, run these commands on Unix before re-running
   CMake:
shell> make clean
shell> rm CMakeCache.txt

   Or, on Windows:
shell> devenv MySQL.sln /clean
shell> del CMakeCache.txt

   If you build out of the source tree (as described later), the
   CMakeCache.txt file and all built files are in the build
   directory, so you can remove that directory to object files
   and cached configuration information.

   If you are going to send mail to a MySQL mailing list to ask
   for configuration assistance, first check the files in the
   CMakeFiles directory for useful information about the
   failure. To file a bug report, please use the instructions in
   Section 1.7, "How to Report Bugs or Problems."

Build the Distribution

   On Unix:
shell> make
shell> make VERBOSE=1

   The second command sets VERBOSE to show the commands for each
   compiled source.

   Use gmake instead on systems where you are using GNU make and
   it has been installed as gmake.

   On Windows:
shell> devenv MySQL.sln /build RelWithDebInfo

   It is possible to build out of the source tree to keep the
   tree clean. If the top-level source directory is named
   mysql-src under your current working directory, you can build
   in a directory named bld at the same level like this:
shell> mkdir bld
shell> cd bld
shell> cmake ../mysql-src

   The build directory need not actually be outside the source
   tree. For example, to build in a directory, you can build in
   a directory named bld under the top-level source tree, do
   this, starting with mysql-src as your current working
   directory:
shell> mkdir bld
shell> cd bld
shell> cmake ..

   If you have multiple source trees at the same level (for
   example, to build multiple versions of MySQL), the second
   strategy can be advantageous. The first strategy places all
   build directories at the same level, which requires that you
   choose a unique name for each. With the second strategy, you
   can use the same name for the build directory within each
   source tree.

   If you have gotten to the compilation stage, but the
   distribution does not build, see Section 2.9.5, "Dealing with
   Problems Compiling MySQL," for help. If that does not solve
   the problem, please enter it into our bugs database using the
   instructions given in Section 1.7, "How to Report Bugs or
   Problems." If you have installed the latest versions of the
   required tools, and they crash trying to process our
   configuration files, please report that also. However, if you
   get a command not found error or a similar problem for
   required tools, do not report it. Instead, make sure that all
   the required tools are installed and that your PATH variable
   is set correctly so that your shell can find them.

Install the Distribution

   On Unix:
shell> make install

   This installs the files under the configured installation
   directory (by default, /usr/local/mysql). You might need to
   run the command as root.

   To install in a specific directory, add a DESTDIR parameter
   to the command line:
shell> make install DESTDIR="/opt/mysql"

   Alternatively, generate installation package files that you
   can install where you like:
shell> make package

   This operation produces one or more .tar.gz files that can be
   installed like generic binary distribution packages. See
   Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic
   Binaries." If you run CMake with
   -DCPACK_MONOLITHIC_INSTALL=1, the operation produces a single
   file. Otherwise, it produces multiple files.

   On Windows, generate the data directory, then create a .zip
   archive installation package:
shell> devenv MySQL.sln /build RelWithDebInfo /project initial_databas
e
shell> devenv MySQL.sln /build RelWithDebInfo /project package

   You can install the resulting .zip archive where you like.
   See Section 2.3.7, "Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows
   Using a noinstall Zip Archive."

Perform Postinstallation Setup

   The remainder of the installation process involves setting up
   the configuration file, creating the core databases, and
   starting the MySQL server. For instructions, see Section
   2.10, "Postinstallation Setup and Testing."
   Note

   The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables
   initially have no passwords. After starting the server, you
   should set up passwords for them using the instructions in
   Section 2.10, "Postinstallation Setup and Testing."

2.9.3 Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree

   This section discusses how to install MySQL from the latest
   development source code. Development trees have not
   necessarily received the same level of testing as standard
   release distributions, so this installation method is usually
   required only if you need the most recent code changes. Do
   not use a development tree for production systems. If your
   goal is simply to get MySQL up and running on your system,
   you should use a standard release distribution (either a
   binary or source distribution). See Section 2.1.3, "How to
   Get MySQL."

   MySQL development projects are hosted on Launchpad
   (http://launchpad.net/). MySQL projects, including MySQL
   Server, MySQL Workbench, and others are available from the
   Oracle/MySQL Engineering (http://launchpad.net/~mysql) page.
   For the repositories related only to MySQL Server, see the
   MySQL Server (http://launchpad.net/mysql-server) page.

   To install MySQL from a development source tree, your system
   must satisfy the tool requirements listed at Section 2.9,
   "Installing MySQL from Source," including the requirements
   for Bazaar and bison.

   To create a local branch of the MySQL development tree on
   your machine, use this procedure:

    1. To obtain a copy of the MySQL source code, you must
       create a new Bazaar branch. If you do not already have a
       Bazaar repository directory set up, you must initialize a
       new directory:
shell> mkdir mysql-server
shell> bzr init-repo --trees mysql-server

       This is a one-time operation.

    2. Assuming that you have an initialized repository
       directory, you can branch from the public MySQL server
       repositories to create a local source tree. To create a
       branch of a specific version:
shell> cd mysql-server
shell> bzr branch lp:mysql-server/5.5 mysql-5.5

       This is a one-time operation per source tree. You can
       branch the source trees for several versions of MySQL
       under the mysql-server directory.

    3. The initial download will take some time to complete,
       depending on the speed of your connection. Please be
       patient. Once you have downloaded the first tree,
       additional trees should take significantly less time to
       download.

    4. When building from the Bazaar branch, you may want to
       create a copy of your active branch so that you can make
       configuration and other changes without affecting the
       original branch contents. You can achieve this by
       branching from the original branch:
shell> bzr branch mysql-5.5 mysql-5.5-build


    5. To obtain changes made after you have set up the branch
       initially, update it using the pull option periodically.
       Use this command in the top-level directory of the local
       copy:
shell> bzr pull

       To examine the changeset comments for the tree, use the
       log option to bzr:
shell> bzr log

       You can also browse changesets, comments, and source code
       online at the Launchpad MySQL Server
       (http://launchpad.net/mysql-server) page.
       If you see diffs (changes) or code that you have a
       question about, do not hesitate to send email to the
       MySQL internals mailing list. See Section 1.6.1, "MySQL
       Mailing Lists." If you think you have a better idea on
       how to do something, send an email message to the list
       with a patch.

   After you have the local branch, you can build MySQL server
   from the source code. For information, see Section 2.9.2,
   "Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution,"
   except that you skip the part about obtaining and unpacking
   the distribution.

   Be careful about installing a build from a distribution
   source tree on a production machine. The installation command
   may overwrite your live release installation. If you already
   have MySQL installed and do not want to overwrite it, run
   CMake with values for the CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX,
   MYSQL_TCP_PORT, and MYSQL_UNIX_ADDR options different from
   those used by your production server. For additional
   information about preventing multiple servers from
   interfering with each other, see Section 5.3, "Running
   Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine."

   Play hard with your new installation. For example, try to
   make new features crash. Start by running make test. See
   Section 24.1.2, "The MySQL Test Suite."

2.9.4 MySQL Source-Configuration Options

   The CMake program provides a great deal of control over how
   you configure a MySQL source distribution. Typically, you do
   this using options on the CMake command line. For information
   about options supported by CMake, run either of these
   commands in the top-level source directory:
shell> cmake . -LH
shell> ccmake .

   You can also affect CMake using certain environment
   variables. See Section 2.12, "Environment Variables."

   The following table shows the available CMake options. In the
   Default column, PREFIX stands for the value of the
   CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX option, which specifies the installation
   base directory. This value is used as the parent location for
   several of the installation subdirectories.

   Table 2.16 MySQL Source-Configuration Option Reference
   (CMake)
   Formats Description Default Introduced Removed
   BUILD_CONFIG Use same build options as official releases
   5.5.7
   CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Type of build to produce RelWithDebInfo
   5.5.7
   CMAKE_C_FLAGS Flags for C Compiler
   CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS Flags for C++ Compiler
   CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX Installation base directory
   /usr/local/mysql 5.5.8
   COMPILATION_COMMENT Comment about compilation environment
   5.5.7
   CPACK_MONOLITHIC_INSTALL Whether package build produces
   single file OFF 5.5.7
   DEFAULT_CHARSET The default server character set latin1 5.5.7

   DEFAULT_COLLATION The default server collation
   latin1_swedish_ci 5.5.7
   ENABLE_DEBUG_SYNC Whether to enable Debug Sync support ON
   5.5.7
   ENABLE_DOWNLOADS Whether to download optional files OFF 5.5.7

   ENABLE_DTRACE Whether to include DTrace support 5.5.7
   ENABLE_GCOV Whether to include gcov support 5.5.14
   ENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE Whether to enable LOCAL for LOAD DATA
   INFILE OFF 5.5.7
   ENABLED_PROFILING Whether to enable query profiling code ON
   5.5.7
   IGNORE_AIO_CHECK With -DBUILD_CONFIG=mysql_release, ignore
   libaio check OFF 5.5.9
   INSTALL_BINDIR User executables directory PREFIX/bin 5.5.7
   INSTALL_DOCDIR Documentation directory PREFIX/docs 5.5.7
   INSTALL_DOCREADMEDIR README file directory PREFIX 5.5.7
   INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR Header file directory PREFIX/include 5.5.7

   INSTALL_INFODIR Info file directory PREFIX/docs 5.5.7
   INSTALL_LAYOUT Select predefined installation layout
   STANDALONE 5.5.7
   INSTALL_LIBDIR Library file directory PREFIX/lib 5.5.7
   INSTALL_MANDIR Manual page directory PREFIX/man 5.5.7
   INSTALL_MYSQLSHAREDIR Shared data directory PREFIX/share
   5.5.7
   INSTALL_MYSQLTESTDIR mysql-test directory PREFIX/mysql-test
   5.5.7
   INSTALL_PLUGINDIR Plugin directory PREFIX/lib/plugin 5.5.7
   INSTALL_SBINDIR Server executable directory PREFIX/bin 5.5.7

   INSTALL_SCRIPTDIR Scripts directory PREFIX/scripts 5.5.7
   INSTALL_SHAREDIR aclocal/mysql.m4 installation directory
   PREFIX/share 5.5.7
   INSTALL_SQLBENCHDIR sql-bench directory PREFIX 5.5.7
   INSTALL_SUPPORTFILESDIR Extra support files directory
   PREFIX/support-files 5.5.7
   MEMCACHED_HOME Path to memcached [none] 5.5.16-ndb-7.2.2
   MYSQL_DATADIR Data directory 5.5.7
   MYSQL_MAINTAINER_MODE Whether to enable MySQL
   maintainer-specific development environment OFF 5.5.7
   MYSQL_PROJECT_NAME Windows/Mac OS X project name 3306 5.5.21

   MYSQL_TCP_PORT TCP/IP port number 3306 5.5.7
   MYSQL_UNIX_ADDR Unix socket file /tmp/mysql.sock 5.5.7
   ODBC_INCLUDES ODBC includes directory
   ODBC_LIB_DIR ODBC library directory
   SYSCONFDIR Option file directory 5.5.7
   TMPDIR tmpdir default value 5.5.36
   WITH_ASAN Enable AddressSanitizer OFF 5.5.35
   WITH_BUNDLED_LIBEVENT Use bundled libevent when building
   ndbmemcache ON 5.5.16-ndb-7.2.2
   WITH_BUNDLED_MEMCACHED Use bundled memcached when building
   ndbmemcache ON 5.5.16-ndb-7.2.2
   WITH_CLASSPATH Classpath to use when building MySQL Cluster
   Connector for Java. Default is an empty string.
   WITH_DEBUG Whether to include debugging support OFF 5.5.7
   WITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER Whether to build embedded server OFF
   5.5.7
   WITH_EMBEDDED_SHARED_LIBRARY Whether to build a shared
   embedded server library OFF 5.5.37
   WITH_xxx_STORAGE_ENGINE Compile storage engine xxx statically
   into server 5.5.7
   WITH_ERROR_INSERT Enable error injection in the NDB storage
   engine. Should not be used for building binaries intended for
   production. OFF
   WITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS Which extra character sets to include all
   5.5.7
   WITH_LIBEDIT Use bundled libedit library ON 5.5.7
   WITH_LIBWRAP Whether to include libwrap (TCP wrappers)
   support OFF 5.5.7
   WITH_NDB_BINLOG Enable binary logging by default by mysqld.
   ON
   WITH_NDB_DEBUG Produce a debug build for testing or
   troubleshooting. OFF
   WITH_NDB_JAVA Enable building of Java and ClusterJ support.
   Enabled by default. Supported in MySQL Cluster only. ON
   5.5.27-ndb-7.2.9
   WITH_NDB_PORT Default port used by a management server built
   with this option. If this option was not used to build it,
   the management server's default port is 1186. [none]
   WITH_NDB_TEST Include NDB API test programs. OFF
   WITH_NDBCLUSTER_STORAGE_ENGINE Build the NDB storage engine
   ON
   WITH_NDBMTD Build multi-threaded data node. ON
   WITH_READLINE Use bundled readline library OFF 5.5.7
   WITH_SSL Type of SSL support no 5.5.7
   WITH_UNIXODBC Enable unixODBC support OFF
   WITH_VALGRIND Whether to compile in Valgrind header files OFF
   5.5.6
   WITH_ZLIB Type of zlib support system 5.5.7
   WITHOUT_xxx_STORAGE_ENGINE Exclude storage engine xxx from
   build 5.5.7
   WITHOUT_SERVER Do not build the server OFF

   The following sections provide more information about CMake
   options.

     * Section 2.9.4, ""

     * Section 2.9.4, ""

     * Section 2.9.4, ""

     * Section 2.9.4, ""

     * Section 2.9.4, ""

   For boolean options, the value may be specified as 1 or ON to
   enable the option, or as 0 or OFF to disable the option.

   Many options configure compile-time defaults that can be
   overridden at server startup. For example, the
   CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX, MYSQL_TCP_PORT, and MYSQL_UNIX_ADDR
   options that configure the default installation base
   directory location, TCP/IP port number, and Unix socket file
   can be changed at server startup with the --basedir, --port,
   and --socket options for mysqld. Where applicable,
   configuration option descriptions indicate the corresponding
   mysqld startup option.

General Options


     * -DBUILD_CONFIG=mysql_release
       This option configures a source distribution with the
       same build options used by Oracle to produce binary
       distributions for official MySQL releases.

     * -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=type
       The type of build to produce:

          + RelWithDebInfo: Enable optimizations and generate
            debugging information. This is the default MySQL
            build type.

          + Debug: Disable optimizations and generate debugging
            information. This build type is also used if the
            WITH_DEBUG option is enabled. That is,
            -DWITH_DEBUG=1 has the same effect as
            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug.

     * -DCPACK_MONOLITHIC_INSTALL=bool
       This option affects whether the make package operation
       produces multiple installation package files or a single
       file. If disabled, the operation produces multiple
       installation package files, which may be useful if you
       want to install only a subset of a full MySQL
       installation. If enabled, it produces a single file for
       installing everything.

Installation Layout Options

   The CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX option indicates the base
   installation directory. Other options with names of the form
   INSTALL_xxx that indicate component locations are interpreted
   relative to the prefix and their values are relative
   pathnames. Their values should not include the prefix.

     * -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=dir_name
       The installation base directory.
       This value can be set at server startup with the
       --basedir option.

     * -DINSTALL_BINDIR=dir_name
       Where to install user programs.

     * -DINSTALL_DOCDIR=dir_name
       Where to install documentation.

     * -DINSTALL_DOCREADMEDIR=dir_name
       Where to install README files.

     * -DINSTALL_INCLUDEDIR=dir_name
       Where to install header files.

     * -DINSTALL_INFODIR=dir_name
       Where to install Info files.

     * -DINSTALL_LAYOUT=name
       Select a predefined installation layout:

          + STANDALONE: Same layout as used for .tar.gz and .zip
            packages. This is the default.

          + RPM: Layout similar to RPM packages.

          + SVR4: Solaris package layout.

          + DEB: DEB package layout (experimental).
       You can select a predefined layout but modify individual
       component installation locations by specifying other
       options. For example:
shell> cmake . -DINSTALL_LAYOUT=SVR4 -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/var/mysql/data


     * -DINSTALL_LIBDIR=dir_name
       Where to install library files.

     * -DINSTALL_MANDIR=dir_name
       Where to install manual pages.

     * -DINSTALL_MYSQLSHAREDIR=dir_name
       Where to install shared data files.

     * -DINSTALL_MYSQLTESTDIR=dir_name
       Where to install the mysql-test directory. As of MySQL
       5.5.32, to suppress installation of this directory,
       explicitly set the option to the empty value
       (-DINSTALL_MYSQLTESTDIR=).

     * -DINSTALL_PLUGINDIR=dir_name
       The location of the plugin directory.
       This value can be set at server startup with the
       --plugin_dir option.

     * -DINSTALL_SBINDIR=dir_name
       Where to install the mysqld server.

     * -DINSTALL_SCRIPTDIR=dir_name
       Where to install mysql_install_db.

     * -DINSTALL_SHAREDIR=dir_name
       Where to install aclocal/mysql.m4.

     * -DINSTALL_SQLBENCHDIR=dir_name
       Where to install the sql-bench directory. To suppress
       installation of this directory, explicitly set the option
       to the empty value (-DINSTALL_SQLBENCHDIR=).

     * -DINSTALL_SUPPORTFILESDIR=dir_name
       Where to install extra support files.

     * -DMYSQL_DATADIR=dir_name
       The location of the MySQL data directory.
       This value can be set at server startup with the
       --datadir option.

     * -DODBC_INCLUDES=dir_name
       The location of the ODBC includes directory, and may be
       used while configuring Connector/ODBC.

     * -DODBC_LIB_DIR=dir_name
       The location of the ODBC library directory, and may be
       used while configuring Connector/ODBC.

     * -DSYSCONFDIR=dir_name
       The default my.cnf option file directory.
       This location cannot be set at server startup, but you
       can start the server with a given option file using the
       --defaults-file=file_name option, where file_name is the
       full path name to the file.

     * -DTMPDIR=dir_name
       The default location to use for the tmpdir system
       variable. If unspecified, the value defaults to P_tmpdir
       in <stdio.h>. This option was added in MySQL 5.6.16.

Storage Engine Options

   Storage engines are built as plugins. You can build a plugin
   as a static module (compiled into the server) or a dynamic
   module (built as a dynamic library that must be installed
   into the server using the INSTALL PLUGIN statement or the
   --plugin-load option before it can be used). Some plugins
   might not support static or dynamic building.

   The MyISAM, MERGE, MEMORY, and CSV engines are mandatory
   (always compiled into the server) and need not be installed
   explicitly.

   To compile a storage engine statically into the server, use
   -DWITH_engine_STORAGE_ENGINE=1. Some permissible engine
   values are ARCHIVE, BLACKHOLE, EXAMPLE, FEDERATED, INNOBASE
   (InnoDB), NDBCLUSTER (NDB), PARTITION (partitioning support),
   and PERFSCHEMA (Performance Schema). Examples:
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
-DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
-DWITH_PERFSCHEMA_STORAGE_ENGINE=1

   Note

   WITH_NDBCLUSTER_STORAGE_ENGINE is supported only when
   building MySQL Cluster using the MySQL Cluster sources. It
   cannot be used to enable clustering support in other MySQL
   source trees or distributions. In MySQL Cluster NDB 7.2
   source distributions, it is enabled by default. See Section
   18.2.1.3, "Building MySQL Cluster from Source on Linux," and
   Section 18.2.2.2, "Compiling and Installing MySQL Cluster
   from Source on Windows," for more information.

   To exclude a storage engine from the build, use
   -DWITHOUT_engine_STORAGE_ENGINE=1. Examples:
-DWITHOUT_EXAMPLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
-DWITHOUT_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
-DWITHOUT_PARTITION_STORAGE_ENGINE=1

   If neither -DWITH_engine_STORAGE_ENGINE nor
   -DWITHOUT_engine_STORAGE_ENGINE are specified for a given
   storage engine, the engine is built as a shared module, or
   excluded if it cannot be built as a shared module.

Feature Options


     * -DCOMPILATION_COMMENT=string
       A descriptive comment about the compilation environment.

     * -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=charset_name
       The server character set. By default, MySQL uses the
       latin1 (cp1252 West European) character set.
       charset_name may be one of binary, armscii8, ascii, big5,
       cp1250, cp1251, cp1256, cp1257, cp850, cp852, cp866,
       cp932, dec8, eucjpms, euckr, gb2312, gbk, geostd8, greek,
       hebrew, hp8, keybcs2, koi8r, koi8u, latin1, latin2,
       latin5, latin7, macce, macroman, sjis, swe7, tis620,
       ucs2, ujis, utf8, utf8mb4, utf16, utf32. The permissible
       character sets are listed in the
       cmake/character_sets.cmake file as the value of
       CHARSETS_AVAILABLE.
       This value can be set at server startup with the
       --character_set_server option.

     * -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=collation_name
       The server collation. By default, MySQL uses
       latin1_swedish_ci. Use the SHOW COLLATION statement to
       determine which collations are available for each
       character set.
       This value can be set at server startup with the
       --collation_server option.

     * -DENABLE_DEBUG_SYNC=bool
       Whether to compile the Debug Sync facility into the
       server. This facility is used for testing and debugging.
       This option is enabled by default, but has no effect
       unless MySQL is configured with debugging enabled. If
       debugging is enabled and you want to disable Debug Sync,
       use -DENABLE_DEBUG_SYNC=0.
       When compiled in, Debug Sync is disabled by default at
       runtime. To enable it, start mysqld with the
       --debug-sync-timeout=N option, where N is a timeout value
       greater than 0. (The default value is 0, which disables
       Debug Sync.) N becomes the default timeout for individual
       synchronization points.
       For a description of the Debug Sync facility and how to
       use synchronization points, see MySQL Internals: Test
       Synchronization
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/test-synchronizati
       on.html).

     * -DENABLE_DOWNLOADS=bool
       Whether to download optional files. For example, with
       this option enabled, CMake downloads the Google Test
       distribution that is used by the test suite to run unit
       tests.

     * -DENABLE_DTRACE=bool
       Whether to include support for DTrace probes. For
       information about DTrace, wee Section 5.4, "Tracing
       mysqld Using DTrace"

     * -DENABLE_GCOV=bool
       Whether to include gcov support (Linux only).

     * -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=bool
       Whether to enable LOCAL capability in the client library
       for LOAD DATA INFILE.
       This option controls client-side LOCAL capability, but
       the capability can be set on the server side at server
       startup with the --local-infile option. See Section
       6.1.6, "Security Issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL."

     * -DENABLED_PROFILING=bool
       Whether to enable query profiling code (for the SHOW
       PROFILE and SHOW PROFILES statements).

     * -DIGNORE_AIO_CHECK=bool
       If the -DBUILD_CONFIG=mysql_release option is given on
       Linux, the libaio library must be linked in by default.
       If you do not have libaio or do not want to install it,
       you can suppress the check for it by specifying
       -DIGNORE_AIO_CHECK=1. This option was added in MySQL
       5.5.9.

     * -DMYSQL_MAINTAINER_MODE=bool
       Whether to enable a MySQL maintainer-specific development
       environment. If enabled, this option causes compiler
       warnings to become errors.

     * -DMYSQL_PROJECT_NAME=name
       For Windows or Mac OS X, the project name to incorporate
       into the project file name. This option was added in
       MySQL 5.5.21.

     * -DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=port_num
       The port number on which the server listens for TCP/IP
       connections. The default is 3306.
       This value can be set at server startup with the --port
       option.

     * -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=file_name
       The Unix socket file path on which the server listens for
       socket connections. This must be an absolute path name.
       The default is /tmp/mysql.sock.
       This value can be set at server startup with the --socket
       option.

     * -DWITH_ASAN=bool
       Whether to enable AddressSanitizer, for compilers that
       support it. The default is off. This option was added in
       MySQL 5.5.35.

     * -DWITH_DEBUG=bool
       Whether to include debugging support.
       Configuring MySQL with debugging support enables you to
       use the --debug="d,parser_debug" option when you start
       the server. This causes the Bison parser that is used to
       process SQL statements to dump a parser trace to the
       server's standard error output. Typically, this output is
       written to the error log.

     * -DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=bool
       Whether to build the libmysqld embedded server library.

     * -DWITH_EMBEDDED_SHARED_LIBRARY=bool
       Whether to build a shared libmysqld embedded server
       library. This option was added in MySQL 5.5.37.

     * -DWITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS=name
       Which extra character sets to include:

          + all: All character sets. This is the default.

          + complex: Complex character sets.

          + none: No extra character sets.

     * -DWITH_LIBEDIT=bool
       Whether to use the libedit library bundled with the
       distribution.

     * -DWITH_LIBWRAP=bool
       Whether to include libwrap (TCP wrappers) support.

     * -DWITH_READLINE=bool
       Whether to use the readline library bundled with the
       distribution.

     * -DWITH_SSL=ssl_type
       The type of SSL support to include, if any:

          + no: No SSL support. This is the default.

          + yes: Use the system SSL library if present, else the
            library bundled with the distribution.

          + bundled: Use the SSL library bundled with the
            distribution.

          + system: Use the system SSL library.
       For information about using SSL support, see Section
       6.3.9, "Using SSL for Secure Connections."

     * -DWITH_UNIXODBC=1
       Enables unixODBC support, for Connector/ODBC.

     * -DWITH_VALGRIND=bool
       Whether to compile in the Valgrind header files, which
       exposes the Valgrind API to MySQL code. The default is
       OFF.
       To generate a Valgrind-aware debug build,
       -DWITH_VALGRIND=1 normally is combined with
       -DWITH_DEBUG=1. See Building Debug Configurations
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/debug-configuratio
       ns.html).

     * -DWITH_ZLIB=zlib_type
       Some features require that the server be built with
       compression library support, such as the COMPRESS() and
       UNCOMPRESS() functions, and compression of the
       client/server protocol. The WITH_ZLIB indicates the
       source of zlib support:

          + bundled: Use the zlib library bundled with the
            distribution.

          + system: Use the system zlib library. This is the
            default.

     * -DWITHOUT_SERVER=bool
       Whether to build without the MySQL server. The default is
       OFF, which does build the server.

Compiler Flags


     * -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="flags"
       Flags for the C Compiler.

     * -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="flags"
       Flags for the C++ Compiler.

   To specify your own C and C++ compiler flags, for flags that
   do not affect optimization, use the CMAKE_C_FLAGS and
   CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS CMake options.

   When providing your own compiler flags, you might want to
   specify CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE as well.

   For example, to create a 32-bit release build on a 64-bit
   Linux machine, do this:
shell> mkdir bld
shell> cd bld
shell> cmake .. -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS=-m32 \
         -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=-m32 \
         -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RelWithDebInfo

   If you set flags that affect optimization (-Onumber), you
   must set the CMAKE_C_FLAGS_build_type and/or
   CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_build_type options, where build_type
   corresponds to the CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE value. To specify a
   different optimization for the default build type
   (RelWithDebInfo) set the CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO and
   CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO options. For example, to
   compile on Linux with -O3 and with debug symbols, do this:
shell> cmake .. -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO="-O3 -g" \
         -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO="-O3 -g"

CMake Options for Compiling MySQL Cluster

   The following options are for use when building MySQL Cluster
   NDB 7.2 or later. These options are supported only with the
   MySQL Cluster NDB 7.2 and later MySQL Cluster sources; they
   are not supported when using sources from the MySQL 5.5
   Server tree.

     * -DMEMCACHED_HOME=path
       Perform the build using the memcached (version 1.6 or
       later) installed in the system directory indicated by
       path. Files from this installation that are used in the
       build include the memcached binary, header files, and
       libraries, as well as the memcached_utilities library and
       the header file engine_testapp.h.
       You must leave this option unset when building
       ndbmemcache using the bundled memcached sources
       (WITH_BUNDLED_MEMCACHED option); in other words, the
       bundled sources are used by default).
       This option was added in MySQL Cluster NDB 7.2.2.
       While additional CMake options---such as for SASL
       authorization and for providing dtrace support---are
       available for use when compiling memcached from external
       sources, these options are currently not enabled for the
       memcached sources bundled with MySQL Cluster.

     * -DWITH_BUNDLED_LIBEVENT={ON|OFF}
       Use the libevent included in the MySQL Cluster sources
       when building MySQL Cluster with ndbmemcached support
       (MySQL Cluster NDB 7.2.2 and later). Enabled by default.
       OFF causes the system's libevent to be used instead.

     * -DWITH_BUNDLED_MEMCACHED={ON|OFF}
       Build the memcached sources included in the MySQL Cluster
       source tree (MySQL Cluster NDB 7.2.3 and later), then use
       the resulting memcached server when building the
       ndbmemcache engine. In this case, make install places the
       memcached binary in the installation bin directory, and
       the ndbmemcache engine shared object file ndb_engine.so
       in the installation lib directory.
       This option is ON by default.

     * -DWITH_CLASSPATH=path
       Sets the classpath for building MySQL Cluster Connector
       for Java. The default is empty. In MySQL Cluster NDB
       7.2.9 and later, this option is ignored if
       -DWITH_NDB_JAVA=OFF is used.

     * -DWITH_ERROR_INSERT={ON|OFF}
       Enables error injection in the NDB kernel. For testing
       only; not intended for use in building production
       binaries. The default is OFF.

     * -DWITH_NDBCLUSTER_STORAGE_ENGINE={ON|OFF}
       Build and link in support for the NDB (NDBCLUSTER)
       storage engine in mysqld. The default is ON.

     * -DWITH_NDBCLUSTER={ON|OFF}
       This is an alias for WITH_NDBCLUSTER_STORAGE_ENGINE.

     * -DWITH_NDBMTD={ON|OFF}
       Build the multi-threaded data node executable ndbmtd. The
       default is ON.

     * -DWITH_NDB_BINLOG={ON|OFF}
       Enable binary logging by default in the mysqld built
       using this option. ON by default.

     * -DWITH_NDB_DEBUG={ON|OFF}
       Enable building the debug versions of the MySQL Cluster
       binaries. OFF by default.

     * -DWITH_NDB_JAVA={ON|OFF}
       Enable building MySQL Cluster with Java support,
       including ClusterJ.
       This option was added in MySQL Cluster NDB 7.2.9, and is
       ON by default. If you do not wish to compile MySQL
       Cluster with Java support, you must disable it explicitly
       by specifying -DWITH_NDB_JAVA=OFF when running CMake.
       Otherwise, if Java cannot be found, configuration of the
       build fails.

     * -DWITH_NDB_PORT=port
       Causes the MySQL Cluster management server (ndb_mgmd)
       that is built to use this port by default. If this option
       is unset, the resulting management server tries to use
       port 1186 by default.

     * -DWITH_NDB_TEST={ON|OFF}
       If enabled, include a set of NDB API test programs. The
       default is OFF.

2.9.5 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL

   The solution to many problems involves reconfiguring. If you
   do reconfigure, take note of the following:

     * If CMake is run after it has previously been run, it may
       use information that was gathered during its previous
       invocation. This information is stored in CMakeCache.txt.
       When CMake starts up, it looks for that file and reads
       its contents if it exists, on the assumption that the
       information is still correct. That assumption is invalid
       when you reconfigure.

     * Each time you run CMake, you must run make again to
       recompile. However, you may want to remove old object
       files from previous builds first because they were
       compiled using different configuration options.

   To prevent old object files or configuration information from
   being used, run the following commands before re-running
   CMake:

   On Unix:
shell> make clean
shell> rm CMakeCache.txt

   On Windows:
shell> devenv MySQL.sln /clean
shell> del CMakeCache.txt

   If you build outside of the source tree, remove and recreate
   your build directory before re-running CMake. For
   instructions on building outside of the source tree, see How
   to Build MySQL Server with CMake
   (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/cmake.html).

   On some systems, warnings may occur due to differences in
   system include files. The following list describes other
   problems that have been found to occur most often when
   compiling MySQL:

     * To define which C and C++ compilers to use, you can
       define the CC and CXX environment variables. For example:
shell> CC=gcc
shell> CXX=g++
shell> export CC CXX

       To specify your own C and C++ compiler flags, use the
       CMAKE_C_FLAGS and CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS CMake options. See
       Section 2.9.4, "."
       To see what flags you might need to specify, invoke
       mysql_config with the --cflags option.

     * To see what commands are executed during the compile
       stage, after using CMake to configure MySQL, run make
       VERBOSE=1 rather than just make.

     * If compilation fails, check whether the
       MYSQL_MAINTAINER_MODE option is enabled. This mode causes
       compiler warnings to become errors, so disabling it may
       enable compilation to proceed.

     * If your compile fails with errors such as any of the
       following, you must upgrade your version of make to GNU
       make:
make: Fatal error in reader: Makefile, line 18:
Badly formed macro assignment

       Or:
make: file `Makefile' line 18: Must be a separator (:

       Or:
pthread.h: No such file or directory

       Solaris and FreeBSD are known to have troublesome make
       programs.
       GNU make 3.75 is known to work.

     * The sql_yacc.cc file is generated from sql_yacc.yy.
       Normally, the build process does not need to create
       sql_yacc.cc because MySQL comes with a pregenerated copy.
       However, if you do need to re-create it, you might
       encounter this error:
"sql_yacc.yy", line xxx fatal: default action causes potential...

       This is a sign that your version of yacc is deficient.
       You probably need to install a recent version of bison
       (the GNU version of yacc) and use that instead.
       Versions of bison older than 1.75 may report this error:
sql_yacc.yy:#####: fatal error: maximum table size (32767) exceeded

       The maximum table size is not actually exceeded; the
       error is caused by bugs in older versions of bison.

   For information about acquiring or updating tools, see the
   system requirements in Section 2.9, "Installing MySQL from
   Source."

2.9.6 MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools

   Third-party tools that need to determine the MySQL version
   from the MySQL source can read the VERSION file in the
   top-level source directory. The file lists the pieces of the
   version separately. For example, if the version is MySQL
   5.7.4-m14, the file looks like this:
MYSQL_VERSION_MAJOR=5
MYSQL_VERSION_MINOR=7
MYSQL_VERSION_PATCH=4
MYSQL_VERSION_EXTRA=-m14

   If the source is not for a General Availablility (GA)
   release, the MYSQL_VERSION_EXTRA value will be nonempty. For
   the example, the value corresponds to Milestone 14.

   To construct a five-digit number from the version components,
   use this formula:
MYSQL_VERSION_MAJOR*10000 + MYSQL_VERSION_MINOR*100 + MYSQL_VERSION_PA
TCH

2.10 Postinstallation Setup and Testing

   This section discusses post-installation items for Unix-like
   systems. If you are using Windows, see Section 2.3.10,
   "Windows Postinstallation Procedures."

   After installing MySQL, there are some items that you should
   address. For example:

     * You should initialize the data directory and create the
       MySQL grant tables, as describe in Section 2.10.1,
       "Postinstallation Procedures for Unix-like Systems."

     * An important security concern is that the initial
       accounts in the grant tables have no passwords. You
       should assign passwords to prevent unauthorized access to
       the MySQL server. For instructions, see Section 2.10.2,
       "Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts."

     * Optionally, you can create time zone tables to enable
       recognition of named time zones. For instructions, see
       Section 4.4.6, "mysql_tzinfo_to_sql --- Load the Time
       Zone Tables."

     * If you have trouble getting the server to start, see
       Section 2.10.1.3, "Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL
       Server."

     * When you are ready to create additional user accounts,
       you can find information on the MySQL access control
       system and account management in Section 6.2, "The MySQL
       Access Privilege System," and Section 6.3, "MySQL User
       Account Management."

2.10.1 Postinstallation Procedures for Unix-like Systems

   After installing MySQL on a Unix-like system, you must
   initialize the grant tables, start the server, and make sure
   that the server works satisfactorily. You may also wish to
   arrange for the server to be started and stopped
   automatically when your system starts and stops. You should
   also assign passwords to the accounts in the grant tables.

   On a Unix-like system, the grant tables are set up by the
   mysql_install_db program. For some installation methods, this
   program is run for you automatically if an existing database
   cannot be found.

     * If you install MySQL on Linux using RPM distributions,
       the server RPM runs mysql_install_db.

     * Using the native packaging system on many platforms,
       including Debian Linux, Ubuntu Linux, Gentoo Linux and
       others, the mysql_install_db command is run for you.

     * If you install MySQL on Mac OS X using a DMG
       distribution, the installer runs mysql_install_db.

   For other platforms and installation types, including generic
   binary and source installs, you will need to run
   mysql_install_db yourself.

   The following procedure describes how to initialize the grant
   tables (if that has not previously been done) and start the
   server. It also suggests some commands that you can use to
   test whether the server is accessible and working properly.
   For information about starting and stopping the server
   automatically, see Section 2.10.1.2, "Starting and Stopping
   MySQL Automatically."

   After you complete the procedure and have the server running,
   you should assign passwords to the accounts created by
   mysql_install_db and perhaps restrict access to test
   databases. For instructions, see Section 2.10.2, "Securing
   the Initial MySQL Accounts."

   In the examples shown here, the server runs under the user ID
   of the mysql login account. This assumes that such an account
   exists. Either create the account if it does not exist, or
   substitute the name of a different existing login account
   that you plan to use for running the server. For information
   about creating the account, see Creating a mysql System User
   and Group, in Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux
   Using Generic Binaries."

    1. Change location into the top-level directory of your
       MySQL installation, represented here by BASEDIR:
shell> cd BASEDIR

       BASEDIR is the installation directory for your MySQL
       instance. It is likely to be something like
       /usr/local/mysql or /usr/local. The following steps
       assume that you have changed location to this directory.
       You will find several files and subdirectories in the
       BASEDIR directory. The most important for installation
       purposes are the bin and scripts subdirectories:

          + The bin directory contains client programs and the
            server. You should add the full path name of this
            directory to your PATH environment variable so that
            your shell finds the MySQL programs properly. See
            Section 2.12, "Environment Variables."

          + The scripts directory contains the mysql_install_db
            program used to initialize the mysql database
            containing the grant tables that store the server
            access permissions.

    2. If necessary, ensure that the distribution contents are
       accessible to mysql. If you installed the distribution as
       mysql, no further action is required. If you installed
       the distribution as root, its contents will be owned by
       root. Change its ownership to mysql by executing the
       following commands as root in the installation directory.
       The first command changes the owner attribute of the
       files to the mysql user. The second changes the group
       attribute to the mysql group.
shell> chown -R mysql .
shell> chgrp -R mysql .


    3. If necessary, run the mysql_install_db program to set up
       the initial MySQL grant tables containing the privileges
       that determine how users are permitted to connect to the
       server. You will need to do this if you used a
       distribution type for which the installation procedure
       does not run the program for you.
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql

       Typically, mysql_install_db needs to be run only the
       first time you install MySQL, so you can skip this step
       if you are upgrading an existing installation, However,
       mysql_install_db does not overwrite any existing
       privilege tables, so it should be safe to run in any
       circumstances.
       It might be necessary to specify other options such as
       --basedir or --datadir if mysql_install_db does not
       identify the correct locations for the installation
       directory or data directory. For example:
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql \
         --basedir=/opt/mysql/mysql \
         --datadir=/opt/mysql/mysql/data

       The mysql_install_db program creates the server's data
       directory with mysql as the owner. Under the data
       directory, it creates directories for the mysql database
       that holds the grant tables and the test database that
       you can use to test MySQL. The script also creates
       privilege table entries for root and anonymous-user
       accounts. The accounts have no passwords initially.
       Section 2.10.2, "Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts,"
       describes the initial privileges. Briefly, these
       privileges permit the MySQL root user to do anything, and
       permit anybody to create or use databases with a name of
       test or starting with test_. See Section 6.2, "The MySQL
       Access Privilege System," for a complete listing and
       description of the grant tables.
       It is important to make sure that the database
       directories and files are owned by the mysql login
       account so that the server has read and write access to
       them when you run it later. To ensure this if you run
       mysql_install_db as root, include the --user option as
       shown. Otherwise, you should execute the program while
       logged in as mysql, in which case you can omit the --user
       option from the command.
       If you do not want to have the test database, you can
       remove it after starting the server, using the
       instructions in Section 2.10.2, "Securing the Initial
       MySQL Accounts."
       If you have trouble with mysql_install_db at this point,
       see Section 2.10.1.1, "Problems Running
       mysql_install_db."

    4. Most of the MySQL installation can be owned by root if
       you like. The exception is that the data directory must
       be owned by mysql. To accomplish this, run the following
       commands as root in the installation directory:
shell> chown -R root .
shell> chown -R mysql data


    5. If the plugin directory (the directory named by the
       plugin_dir system variable) is writable by the server, it
       may be possible for a user to write executable code to a
       file in the directory using SELECT ... INTO DUMPFILE.
       This can be prevented by making plugin_dir read only to
       the server or by setting --secure-file-priv to a
       directory where SELECT writes can be made safely.

    6. If you installed MySQL using a source distribution, you
       may want to optionally copy one of the provided
       configuration files from the support-files directory into
       your /etc directory. There are different sample
       configuration files for different use cases, server
       types, and CPU and RAM configurations. If you want to use
       one of these standard files, you should copy it to
       /etc/my.cnf, or /etc/mysql/my.cnf and edit and check the
       configuration before starting your MySQL server for the
       first time.
       If you do not copy one of the standard configuration
       files, the MySQL server will be started with the default
       settings.
       If you want MySQL to start automatically when you boot
       your machine, you can copy support-files/mysql.server to
       the location where your system has its startup files.
       More information can be found in the mysql.server script
       itself, and in Section 2.10.1.2, "Starting and Stopping
       MySQL Automatically."

    7. Start the MySQL server:
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

       It is important that the MySQL server be run using an
       unprivileged (non-root) login account. To ensure this if
       you run mysqld_safe as root, include the --user option as
       shown. Otherwise, you should execute the program while
       logged in as mysql, in which case you can omit the --user
       option from the command.
       For further instructions for running MySQL as an
       unprivileged user, see Section 6.1.5, "How to Run MySQL
       as a Normal User."
       If the command fails immediately and prints mysqld ended,
       look for information in the error log (which by default
       is the host_name.err file in the data directory).
       If you neglected to create the grant tables by running
       mysql_install_db before proceeding to this step, the
       following message appears in the error log file when you
       start the server:
mysqld: Can't find file: 'host.frm'

       This error also occurs if you run mysql_install_db as
       root without the --user option. Remove the data directory
       and run mysql_install_db with the --user option as
       described previously.
       If you have other problems starting the server, see
       Section 2.10.1.3, "Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL
       Server." For more information about mysqld_safe, see
       Section 4.3.2, "mysqld_safe --- MySQL Server Startup
       Script."

    8. Use mysqladmin to verify that the server is running. The
       following commands provide simple tests to check whether
       the server is up and responding to connections:
shell> bin/mysqladmin version
shell> bin/mysqladmin variables

       The output from mysqladmin version varies slightly
       depending on your platform and version of MySQL, but
       should be similar to that shown here:
shell> bin/mysqladmin version
mysqladmin  Ver 14.12 Distrib 5.5.42, for pc-linux-gnu on i686
...

Server version          5.5.42
Protocol version        10
Connection              Localhost via UNIX socket
UNIX socket             /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
Uptime:                 14 days 5 hours 5 min 21 sec

Threads: 1  Questions: 366  Slow queries: 0
Opens: 0  Flush tables: 1  Open tables: 19
Queries per second avg: 0.000

       To see what else you can do with mysqladmin, invoke it
       with the --help option.

    9. Verify that you can shut down the server:
shell> bin/mysqladmin -u root shutdown

   10. Verify that you can start the server again. Do this by
       using mysqld_safe or by invoking mysqld directly. For
       example:
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

       If mysqld_safe fails, see Section 2.10.1.3, "Starting and
       Troubleshooting the MySQL Server."
   11. Run some simple tests to verify that you can retrieve
       information from the server. The output should be similar
       to what is shown here:
shell> bin/mysqlshow
+--------------------+
|     Databases      |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| test               |
+--------------------+

shell> bin/mysqlshow mysql
Database: mysql
+---------------------------+
|          Tables           |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| event                     |
| func                      |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| host                      |
| plugin                    |
| proc                      |
| procs_priv                |
| servers                   |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user                      |
+---------------------------+

shell> bin/mysql -e "SELECT Host,Db,User FROM db" mysql
+------+--------+------+
| host | db     | user |
+------+--------+------+
| %    | test   |      |
| %    | test_% |      |
+------+--------+------+

   12. There is a benchmark suite in the sql-bench directory
       (under the MySQL installation directory) that you can use
       to compare how MySQL performs on different platforms. The
       benchmark suite is written in Perl. It requires the Perl
       DBI module that provides a database-independent interface
       to the various databases, and some other additional Perl
       modules:
DBI
DBD::mysql
Data::Dumper
Data::ShowTable

       These modules can be obtained from CPAN
       (http://www.cpan.org/). See also Section 2.13.1,
       "Installing Perl on Unix."
       The sql-bench/Results directory contains the results from
       many runs against different databases and platforms. To
       run all tests, execute these commands:
shell> cd sql-bench
shell> perl run-all-tests

       If you do not have the sql-bench directory, you probably
       installed MySQL using RPM files other than the source
       RPM. (The source RPM includes the sql-bench benchmark
       directory.) In this case, you must first install the
       benchmark suite before you can use it. There are separate
       benchmark RPM files named mysql-bench-VERSION.i386.rpm
       that contain benchmark code and data.
       If you have a source distribution, there are also tests
       in its tests subdirectory that you can run. For example,
       to run auto_increment.tst, execute this command from the
       top-level directory of your source distribution:
shell> mysql -vvf test < ./tests/auto_increment.tst

       The expected result of the test can be found in the
       ./tests/auto_increment.res file.
   13. At this point, you should have the server running.
       However, none of the initial MySQL accounts have a
       password, and the server permits permissive access to
       test databases. To tighten security, follow the
       instructions in Section 2.10.2, "Securing the Initial
       MySQL Accounts."

   The MySQL 5.5 installation procedure creates time zone tables
   in the mysql database but does not populate them. To do so,
   use the instructions in Section 10.6, "MySQL Server Time Zone
   Support."

   To make it more convenient to invoke programs installed in
   the bin directory under the installation directory, you can
   add that directory to your PATH environment variable setting.
   That enables you to run a program by typing only its name,
   not its entire path name. See Section 4.2.10, "Setting
   Environment Variables."

   You can set up new accounts using the bin/mysql_setpermission
   script if you install the DBI and DBD::mysql Perl modules.
   See Section 4.6.13, "mysql_setpermission --- Interactively
   Set Permissions in Grant Tables." For Perl module
   installation instructions, see Section 2.13, "Perl
   Installation Notes."

   If you would like to use mysqlaccess and have the MySQL
   distribution in some nonstandard location, you must change
   the location where mysqlaccess expects to find the mysql
   client. Edit the bin/mysqlaccess script at approximately line
   18. Search for a line that looks like this:
$MYSQL     = '/usr/local/bin/mysql';    # path to mysql executable

   Change the path to reflect the location where mysql actually
   is stored on your system. If you do not do this, a Broken
   pipe error will occur when you run mysqlaccess.

2.10.1.1 Problems Running mysql_install_db

   The purpose of the mysql_install_db program is to generate
   new MySQL privilege tables. It does not overwrite existing
   MySQL privilege tables, and it does not affect any other
   data.

   If you want to re-create your privilege tables, first stop
   the mysqld server if it is running. Then rename the mysql
   directory under the data directory to save it, and then run
   mysql_install_db. Suppose that your current directory is the
   MySQL installation directory and that mysql_install_db is
   located in the bin directory and the data directory is named
   data. To rename the mysql database and re-run
   mysql_install_db, use these commands.
shell> mv data/mysql data/mysql.old
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql

   When you run mysql_install_db, you might encounter the
   following problems:

     * mysql_install_db fails to install the grant tables
       You may find that mysql_install_db fails to install the
       grant tables and terminates after displaying the
       following messages:
Starting mysqld daemon with databases from XXXXXX
mysqld ended

       In this case, you should examine the error log file very
       carefully. The log should be located in the directory
       XXXXXX named by the error message and should indicate why
       mysqld did not start. If you do not understand what
       happened, include the log when you post a bug report. See
       Section 1.7, "How to Report Bugs or Problems."

     * There is a mysqld process running
       This indicates that the server is running, in which case
       the grant tables have probably been created already. If
       so, there is no need to run mysql_install_db at all
       because it needs to be run only once (when you install
       MySQL the first time).

     * Installing a second mysqld server does not work when one
       server is running
       This can happen when you have an existing MySQL
       installation, but want to put a new installation in a
       different location. For example, you might have a
       production installation, but you want to create a second
       installation for testing purposes. Generally the problem
       that occurs when you try to run a second server is that
       it tries to use a network interface that is in use by the
       first server. In this case, you should see one of the
       following error messages:
Can't start server: Bind on TCP/IP port:
Address already in use
Can't start server: Bind on unix socket...

       For instructions on setting up multiple servers, see
       Section 5.3, "Running Multiple MySQL Instances on One
       Machine."

     * You do not have write access to the /tmp directory
       If you do not have write access to create temporary files
       or a Unix socket file in the default location (the /tmp
       directory) or the TMP_DIR environment variable, if it has
       been set, an error occurs when you run mysql_install_db
       or the mysqld server.
       You can specify different locations for the temporary
       directory and Unix socket file by executing these
       commands prior to starting mysql_install_db or mysqld,
       where some_tmp_dir is the full path name to some
       directory for which you have write permission:
shell> TMPDIR=/some_tmp_dir/
shell> MYSQL_UNIX_PORT=/some_tmp_dir/mysql.sock
shell> export TMPDIR MYSQL_UNIX_PORT

       Then you should be able to run mysql_install_db and start
       the server with these commands:
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

       If mysql_install_db is located in the scripts directory,
       modify the first command to scripts/mysql_install_db.
       See Section B.5.4.5, "How to Protect or Change the MySQL
       Unix Socket File," and Section 2.12, "Environment
       Variables."

   There are some alternatives to running the mysql_install_db
   program provided in the MySQL distribution:

     * If you want the initial privileges to be different from
       the standard defaults, you can modify mysql_install_db
       before you run it. However, it is preferable to use GRANT
       and REVOKE to change the privileges after the grant
       tables have been set up. In other words, you can run
       mysql_install_db, and then use mysql -u root mysql to
       connect to the server as the MySQL root user so that you
       can issue the necessary GRANT and REVOKE statements.
       If you want to install MySQL on several machines with the
       same privileges, you can put the GRANT and REVOKE
       statements in a file and execute the file as a script
       using mysql after running mysql_install_db. For example:
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
shell> bin/mysql -u root < your_script_file

       By doing this, you can avoid having to issue the
       statements manually on each machine.

     * It is possible to re-create the grant tables completely
       after they have previously been created. You might want
       to do this if you are just learning how to use GRANT and
       REVOKE and have made so many modifications after running
       mysql_install_db that you want to wipe out the tables and
       start over.
       To re-create the grant tables, remove all the .frm, .MYI,
       and .MYD files in the mysql database directory. Then run
       the mysql_install_db program again.

     * You can start mysqld manually using the
       --skip-grant-tables option and add the privilege
       information yourself using mysql:
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql --skip-grant-tables &
shell> bin/mysql mysql

       From mysql, manually execute the SQL commands contained
       in mysql_install_db. Make sure that you run mysqladmin
       flush-privileges or mysqladmin reload afterward to tell
       the server to reload the grant tables.
       Note that by not using mysql_install_db, you not only
       have to populate the grant tables manually, you also have
       to create them first.

2.10.1.2 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically

   Generally, you start the mysqld server in one of these ways:

     * Invoke mysqld directly. This works on any platform.

     * Invoke mysqld_safe, which tries to determine the proper
       options for mysqld and then runs it with those options.
       This script is used on Unix and Unix-like systems. See
       Section 4.3.2, "mysqld_safe --- MySQL Server Startup
       Script."

     * Invoke mysql.server. This script is used primarily at
       system startup and shutdown on systems that use System
       V-style run directories (that is, /etc/init.d and
       run-level specific directories), where it usually is
       installed under the name mysql. The mysql.server script
       starts the server by invoking mysqld_safe. See Section
       4.3.3, "mysql.server --- MySQL Server Startup Script."

     * On Mac OS X, install a separate MySQL Startup Item
       package to enable the automatic startup of MySQL on
       system startup. The Startup Item starts the server by
       invoking mysql.server. See Section 2.4.3, "Installing the
       MySQL Startup Item," for details. A MySQL Preference Pane
       also provides control for starting and stopping MySQL
       through the System Preferences, see Section 2.4.4,
       "Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane."

     * Use the Solaris/OpenSolaris service management framework
       (SMF) system to initiate and control MySQL startup. For
       more information, see Section 2.7.2, "Installing MySQL on
       OpenSolaris Using IPS."

   The mysqld_safe and mysql.server scripts, Solaris/OpenSolaris
   SMF, and the Mac OS X Startup Item (or MySQL Preference Pane)
   can be used to start the server manually, or automatically at
   system startup time. mysql.server and the Startup Item also
   can be used to stop the server.

   To start or stop the server manually using the mysql.server
   script, invoke it with start or stop arguments:
shell> mysql.server start
shell> mysql.server stop

   Before mysql.server starts the server, it changes location to
   the MySQL installation directory, and then invokes
   mysqld_safe. If you want the server to run as some specific
   user, add an appropriate user option to the [mysqld] group of
   the /etc/my.cnf option file, as shown later in this section.
   (It is possible that you will need to edit mysql.server if
   you've installed a binary distribution of MySQL in a
   nonstandard location. Modify it to change location into the
   proper directory before it runs mysqld_safe. If you do this,
   your modified version of mysql.server may be overwritten if
   you upgrade MySQL in the future, so you should make a copy of
   your edited version that you can reinstall.)

   mysql.server stop stops the server by sending a signal to it.
   You can also stop the server manually by executing mysqladmin
   shutdown.

   To start and stop MySQL automatically on your server, you
   need to add start and stop commands to the appropriate places
   in your /etc/rc* files.

   If you use the Linux server RPM package
   (MySQL-server-VERSION.rpm), or a native Linux package
   installation, the mysql.server script may be installed in the
   /etc/init.d directory with the name mysql. See Section 2.5.1,
   "Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages," for more
   information on the Linux RPM packages.

   Some vendors provide RPM packages that install a startup
   script under a different name such as mysqld.

   If you install MySQL from a source distribution or using a
   binary distribution format that does not install mysql.server
   automatically, you can install it manually. The script can be
   found in the support-files directory under the MySQL
   installation directory or in a MySQL source tree.

   To install mysql.server manually, copy it to the /etc/init.d
   directory with the name mysql, and then make it executable.
   Do this by changing location into the appropriate directory
   where mysql.server is located and executing these commands:
shell> cp mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql
shell> chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysql

   Note

   Older Red Hat systems use the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory
   rather than /etc/init.d. Adjust the preceding commands
   accordingly. Alternatively, first create /etc/init.d as a
   symbolic link that points to /etc/rc.d/init.d:
shell> cd /etc
shell> ln -s rc.d/init.d .

   After installing the script, the commands needed to activate
   it to run at system startup depend on your operating system.
   On Linux, you can use chkconfig:
shell> chkconfig --add mysql

   On some Linux systems, the following command also seems to be
   necessary to fully enable the mysql script:
shell> chkconfig --level 345 mysql on

   On FreeBSD, startup scripts generally should go in
   /usr/local/etc/rc.d/. The rc(8) manual page states that
   scripts in this directory are executed only if their basename
   matches the *.sh shell file name pattern. Any other files or
   directories present within the directory are silently
   ignored. In other words, on FreeBSD, you should install the
   mysql.server script as /usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql.server.sh to
   enable automatic startup.

   As an alternative to the preceding setup, some operating
   systems also use /etc/rc.local or /etc/init.d/boot.local to
   start additional services on startup. To start up MySQL using
   this method, you could append a command like the one
   following to the appropriate startup file:
/bin/sh -c 'cd /usr/local/mysql; ./bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &'

   For other systems, consult your operating system
   documentation to see how to install startup scripts.

   You can add options for mysql.server in a global /etc/my.cnf
   file. A typical /etc/my.cnf file might look like this:
[mysqld]
datadir=/usr/local/mysql/var
socket=/var/tmp/mysql.sock
port=3306
user=mysql

[mysql.server]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql

   The mysql.server script supports the following options:
   basedir, datadir, and pid-file. If specified, they must be
   placed in an option file, not on the command line.
   mysql.server supports only start and stop as command-line
   arguments.

   The following table shows which option groups the server and
   each startup script read from option files.

   Table 2.17 MySQL Startup scripts and supported server option
   groups
      Script                  Option Groups
   mysqld       [mysqld], [server], [mysqld-major_version]
   mysqld_safe  [mysqld], [server], [mysqld_safe]
   mysql.server [mysqld], [mysql.server], [server]

   [mysqld-major_version] means that groups with names like
   [mysqld-5.1] and [mysqld-5.5] are read by servers having
   versions 5.1.x, 5.5.x, and so forth. This feature can be used
   to specify options that can be read only by servers within a
   given release series.

   For backward compatibility, mysql.server also reads the
   [mysql_server] group and mysqld_safe also reads the
   [safe_mysqld] group. However, you should update your option
   files to use the [mysql.server] and [mysqld_safe] groups
   instead when using MySQL 5.5.

   For more information on MySQL configuration files and their
   structure and contents, see Section 4.2.6, "Using Option
   Files."

2.10.1.3 Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server

   This section provides troubleshooting suggestions for
   problems starting the server on a Unix-like system. If you
   are using Windows, see Section 2.3.8, "Troubleshooting a
   Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation."

   If you have problems starting the server, here are some
   things to try:

     * Check the error log to see why the server does not start.

     * Specify any special options needed by the storage engines
       you are using.

     * Make sure that the server knows where to find the data
       directory.

     * Make sure that the server can access the data directory.
       The ownership and permissions of the data directory and
       its contents must be set such that the server can read
       and modify them.

     * Verify that the network interfaces the server wants to
       use are available.

   Some storage engines have options that control their
   behavior. You can create a my.cnf file and specify startup
   options for the engines that you plan to use. If you are
   going to use storage engines that support transactional
   tables (InnoDB, NDB), be sure that you have them configured
   the way you want before starting the server:

   If you are using InnoDB tables, see Section 14.6, "InnoDB
   Configuration."

   Storage engines will use default option values if you specify
   none, but it is recommended that you review the available
   options and specify explicit values for those for which the
   defaults are not appropriate for your installation.

   When the mysqld server starts, it changes location to the
   data directory. This is where it expects to find databases
   and where it expects to write log files. The server also
   writes the pid (process ID) file in the data directory.

   The data directory location is hardwired in when the server
   is compiled. This is where the server looks for the data
   directory by default. If the data directory is located
   somewhere else on your system, the server will not work
   properly. You can determine what the default path settings
   are by invoking mysqld with the --verbose and --help options.

   If the default locations do not match the MySQL installation
   layout on your system, you can override them by specifying
   options to mysqld or mysqld_safe on the command line or in an
   option file.

   To specify the location of the data directory explicitly, use
   the --datadir option. However, normally you can tell mysqld
   the location of the base directory under which MySQL is
   installed and it looks for the data directory there. You can
   do this with the --basedir option.

   To check the effect of specifying path options, invoke mysqld
   with those options followed by the --verbose and --help
   options. For example, if you change location into the
   directory where mysqld is installed and then run the
   following command, it shows the effect of starting the server
   with a base directory of /usr/local:
shell> ./mysqld --basedir=/usr/local --verbose --help

   You can specify other options such as --datadir as well, but
   --verbose and --help must be the last options.

   Once you determine the path settings you want, start the
   server without --verbose and --help.

   If mysqld is currently running, you can find out what path
   settings it is using by executing this command:
shell> mysqladmin variables

   Or:
shell> mysqladmin -h host_name variables

   host_name is the name of the MySQL server host.

   If you get Errcode 13 (which means Permission denied) when
   starting mysqld, this means that the privileges of the data
   directory or its contents do not permit server access. In
   this case, you change the permissions for the involved files
   and directories so that the server has the right to use them.
   You can also start the server as root, but this raises
   security issues and should be avoided.

   Change location into the data directory and check the
   ownership of the data directory and its contents to make sure
   the server has access. For example, if the data directory is
   /usr/local/mysql/var, use this command:
shell> ls -la /usr/local/mysql/var

   If the data directory or its files or subdirectories are not
   owned by the login account that you use for running the
   server, change their ownership to that account. If the
   account is named mysql, use these commands:
shell> chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var
shell> chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var

   If it possible that even with correct ownership, MySQL may
   fail to start up if there is other security software running
   on your system that manages application access to various
   parts of the file system. In this case, you may need to
   reconfigure that software to enable mysqld to access the
   directories it uses during normal operation.

   If the server fails to start up correctly, check the error
   log. Log files are located in the data directory (typically
   C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\data on Windows,
   /usr/local/mysql/data for a Unix/Linux binary distribution,
   and /usr/local/var for a Unix/Linux source distribution).
   Look in the data directory for files with names of the form
   host_name.err and host_name.log, where host_name is the name
   of your server host. Then examine the last few lines of these
   files. You can use tail to display them:
shell> tail host_name.err
shell> tail host_name.log

   The error log should contain information that indicates why
   the server could not start.

   If either of the following errors occur, it means that some
   other program (perhaps another mysqld server) is using the
   TCP/IP port or Unix socket file that mysqld is trying to use:
Can't start server: Bind on TCP/IP port: Address already in use
Can't start server: Bind on unix socket...

   Use ps to determine whether you have another mysqld server
   running. If so, shut down the server before starting mysqld
   again. (If another server is running, and you really want to
   run multiple servers, you can find information about how to
   do so in Section 5.3, "Running Multiple MySQL Instances on
   One Machine.")

   If no other server is running, try to execute the command
   telnet your_host_name tcp_ip_port_number. (The default MySQL
   port number is 3306.) Then press Enter a couple of times. If
   you do not get an error message like telnet: Unable to
   connect to remote host: Connection refused, some other
   program is using the TCP/IP port that mysqld is trying to
   use. You will need to track down what program this is and
   disable it, or else tell mysqld to listen to a different port
   with the --port option. In this case, you will also need to
   specify the port number for client programs when connecting
   to the server using TCP/IP.

   Another reason the port might be inaccessible is that you
   have a firewall running that blocks connections to it. If so,
   modify the firewall settings to permit access to the port.

   If the server starts but you cannot connect to it, you should
   make sure that you have an entry in /etc/hosts that looks
   like this:
127.0.0.1       localhost

   If you cannot get mysqld to start, you can try to make a
   trace file to find the problem by using the --debug option.
   See Section 24.4.3, "The DBUG Package."

2.10.2 Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts

   Part of the MySQL installation process is to set up the mysql
   database that contains the grant tables:

     * Windows distributions contain preinitialized grant
       tables.

     * On Unix, the mysql_install_db program populates the grant
       tables. Some installation methods run this program for
       you. Others require that you execute it manually. For
       details, see Section 2.10.1, "Postinstallation Procedures
       for Unix-like Systems."

   The mysql.user grant table defines the initial MySQL user
   accounts and their access privileges:

     * Some accounts have the user name root. These are
       superuser accounts that have all privileges and can do
       anything. The initial root account passwords are empty,
       so anyone can connect to the MySQL server as root without
       a password and be granted all privileges.

          + On Windows, root accounts are created that permit
            connections from the local host only. Connections
            can be made by specifying the host name localhost,
            the IP address 127.0.0.1, or the IPv6 address ::1.
            If the user selects the Enable root access from
            remote machines option during installation, the
            Windows installer creates another root account that
            permits connections from any host.

          + On Unix, each root account permits connections from
            the local host. Connections can be made by
            specifying the host name localhost, the IP address
            127.0.0.1, the IPv6 address ::1, or the actual host
            name or IP address.
       An attempt to connect to the host 127.0.0.1 normally
       resolves to the localhost account. However, this fails if
       the server is run with the --skip-name-resolve option, so
       the 127.0.0.1 account is useful in that case. The ::1
       account is used for IPv6 connections.

     * Some accounts are for anonymous users. These have an
       empty user name. The anonymous accounts have no password,
       so anyone can use them to connect to the MySQL server.

          + On Windows, there is one anonymous account that
            permits connections from the local host. Connections
            can be made by specifying a host name of localhost.

          + On Unix, each anonymous account permits connections
            from the local host. Connections can be made by
            specifying a host name of localhost for one of the
            accounts, or the actual host name or IP address for
            the other.

   To display which accounts exist in the mysql.user table and
   check whether their passwords are empty, use the following
   statement:
mysql> SELECT User, Host, Password FROM mysql.user;
+------+--------------------+----------+
| User | Host               | Password |
+------+--------------------+----------+
| root | localhost          |          |
| root | myhost.example.com |          |
| root | 127.0.0.1          |          |
| root | ::1                |          |
|      | localhost          |          |
|      | myhost.example.com |          |
+------+--------------------+----------+

   This output indicates that there are several root and
   anonymous-user accounts, none of which have passwords. The
   output might differ on your system, but the presence of
   accounts with empty passwords means that your MySQL
   installation is unprotected until you do something about it:

     * You should assign a password to each MySQL root account.

     * If you want to prevent clients from connecting as
       anonymous users without a password, you should either
       assign a password to each anonymous account or else
       remove the accounts.

   In addition, the mysql.db table contains rows that permit all
   accounts to access the test database and other databases with
   names that start with test_. This is true even for accounts
   that otherwise have no special privileges such as the default
   anonymous accounts. This is convenient for testing but
   inadvisable on production servers. Administrators who want
   database access restricted only to accounts that have
   permissions granted explicitly for that purpose should remove
   these mysql.db table rows.

   The following instructions describe how to set up passwords
   for the initial MySQL accounts, first for the root accounts,
   then for the anonymous accounts. The instructions also cover
   how to remove the anonymous accounts, should you prefer not
   to permit anonymous access at all, and describe how to remove
   permissive access to test databases. Replace newpwd in the
   examples with the password that you want to use. Replace
   host_name with the name of the server host. You can determine
   this name from the output of the preceding SELECT statement.
   For the output shown, host_name is myhost.example.com.
   Note

   For additional information about setting passwords, see
   Section 6.3.5, "Assigning Account Passwords." If you forget
   your root password after setting it, see Section B.5.4.1,
   "How to Reset the Root Password."

   You might want to defer setting the passwords until later, to
   avoid the need to specify them while you perform additional
   setup or testing. However, be sure to set them before using
   your installation for production purposes.

   To set up additional accounts, see Section 6.3.2, "Adding
   User Accounts."

Assigning root Account Passwords

   The root account passwords can be set several ways. The
   following discussion demonstrates three methods:

     * Use the SET PASSWORD statement

     * Use the UPDATE statement

     * Use the mysqladmin command-line client program

   To assign passwords using SET PASSWORD, connect to the server
   as root and issue a SET PASSWORD statement for each root
   account listed in the mysql.user table. Be sure to encrypt
   the password using the PASSWORD() function.

   For Windows, do this:
shell> mysql -u root
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('newpwd');
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'127.0.0.1' = PASSWORD('newpwd');
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'::1' = PASSWORD('newpwd');
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'%' = PASSWORD('newpwd');

   The last statement is unnecessary if the mysql.user table has
   no root account with a host value of %.

   For Unix, do this:
shell> mysql -u root
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('newpwd');
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'127.0.0.1' = PASSWORD('newpwd');
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'::1' = PASSWORD('newpwd');
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'host_name' = PASSWORD('newpwd');

   You can also use a single statement that assigns a password
   to all root accounts by using UPDATE to modify the mysql.user
   table directly. This method works on any platform:
shell> mysql -u root
mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET Password = PASSWORD('newpwd')
    ->     WHERE User = 'root';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

   The FLUSH statement causes the server to reread the grant
   tables. Without it, the password change remains unnoticed by
   the server until you restart it.

   To assign passwords to the root accounts using mysqladmin,
   execute the following commands:
shell> mysqladmin -u root password "newpwd"
shell> mysqladmin -u root -h host_name password "newpwd"

   Those commands apply both to Windows and to Unix. The double
   quotation marks around the password are not always necessary,
   but you should use them if the password contains spaces or
   other characters that are special to your command
   interpreter.

   The mysqladmin method of setting the root account passwords
   does not work for the 'root'@'127.0.0.1' or 'root'@'::1'
   account. Use the SET PASSWORD method shown earlier.

   After the root passwords have been set, you must supply the
   appropriate password whenever you connect as root to the
   server. For example, to shut down the server with mysqladmin,
   use this command:
shell> mysqladmin -u root -p shutdown
Enter password: (enter root password here)

Assigning Anonymous Account Passwords

   The mysql commands in the following instructions include a -p
   option based on the assumption that you have set the root
   account passwords using the preceding instructions and must
   specify that password when connecting to the server.

   To assign passwords to the anonymous accounts, connect to the
   server as root, then use either SET PASSWORD or UPDATE. Be
   sure to encrypt the password using the PASSWORD() function.

   To use SET PASSWORD on Windows, do this:
shell> mysql -u root -p
Enter password: (enter root password here)
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'localhost' = PASSWORD('newpwd');

   To use SET PASSWORD on Unix, do this:
shell> mysql -u root -p
Enter password: (enter root password here)
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'localhost' = PASSWORD('newpwd');
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'host_name' = PASSWORD('newpwd');

   To set the anonymous-user account passwords with a single
   UPDATE statement, do this (on any platform):
shell> mysql -u root -p
Enter password: (enter root password here)
mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET Password = PASSWORD('newpwd')
    ->     WHERE User = '';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

   The FLUSH statement causes the server to reread the grant
   tables. Without it, the password change remains unnoticed by
   the server until you restart it.

Removing Anonymous Accounts

   If you prefer to remove any anonymous accounts rather than
   assigning them passwords, do so as follows on Windows:
shell> mysql -u root -p
Enter password: (enter root password here)
mysql> DROP USER ''@'localhost';

   On Unix, remove the anonymous accounts like this:
shell> mysql -u root -p
Enter password: (enter root password here)
mysql> DROP USER ''@'localhost';
mysql> DROP USER ''@'host_name';

Securing Test Databases

   By default, the mysql.db table contains rows that permit
   access by any user to the test database and other databases
   with names that start with test_. (These rows have an empty
   User column value, which for access-checking purposes matches
   any user name.) This means that such databases can be used
   even by accounts that otherwise possess no privileges. If you
   want to remove any-user access to test databases, do so as
   follows:
shell> mysql -u root -p
Enter password: (enter root password here)
mysql> DELETE FROM mysql.db WHERE Db LIKE 'test%';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

   The FLUSH statement causes the server to reread the grant
   tables. Without it, the privilege change remains unnoticed by
   the server until you restart it.

   With the preceding change, only users who have global
   database privileges or privileges granted explicitly for the
   test database can use it. However, if you do not want the
   database to exist at all, drop it:
mysql> DROP DATABASE test;

   Note

   On Windows, you can also perform the process described in
   this section using the Configuration Wizard (see Section
   2.3.6.11, "The Security Options Dialog"). On all platforms,
   the MySQL distribution includes mysql_secure_installation, a
   command-line utility that automates much of the process of
   securing a MySQL installation.

2.11 Upgrading or Downgrading MySQL

2.11.1 Upgrading MySQL

   As a general rule, to upgrade from one release series to
   another, go to the next series rather than skipping a series.
   To upgrade from a release series previous to MySQL 5.1,
   upgrade to each successive release series in turn until you
   have reached MySQL 5.1, and then proceed with the upgrade to
   MySQL 5.5. For example, if you currently are running MySQL
   5.0 and wish to upgrade to a newer series, upgrade to MySQL
   5.1 first before upgrading to 5.5, and so forth. For
   information on upgrading to MySQL 5.1, see the MySQL 5.1
   Reference Manual.

   There is a special case for upgrading to MySQL 5.5, which is
   that there was a short-lived MySQL 5.4 development series.
   This series is no longer being worked on, but to accommodate
   users of both series, this section includes one subsection
   for users upgrading from MySQL 5.1 to 5.5 and another for
   users upgrading from MySQL 5.4 to 5.5.

   To upgrade to MySQL 5.5, use the items in the following
   checklist as a guide:

     * Before any upgrade, back up your databases, including the
       mysql database that contains the grant tables. See
       Section 7.2, "Database Backup Methods."

     * Read all the notes in Section 2.11.1.1, "Upgrading from
       MySQL 5.1 to 5.5," or Section 2.11.1.2, "Upgrading from
       MySQL 5.4 to 5.5," depending on whether you currently use
       MySQL 5.1 or 5.4. These notes enable you to identify
       upgrade issues that apply to your current MySQL
       installation. Some incompatibilities discussed in that
       section require your attention before upgrading. Others
       should be dealt with after upgrading.

     * Read the Release Notes
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.5/en/) as
       well, which provide information about features that are
       new in MySQL 5.5 or differ from those found in earlier
       MySQL releases.

     * After upgrading to a new version of MySQL, run
       mysql_upgrade (see Section 4.4.7, "mysql_upgrade ---
       Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables"). This program checks
       your tables, and attempts to repair them if necessary. It
       also updates your grant tables to make sure that they
       have the current structure so that you can take advantage
       of any new capabilities. (Some releases of MySQL
       introduce changes to the structure of the grant tables to
       add new privileges or features.)
       mysql_upgrade does not upgrade the contents of the help
       tables. For upgrade instructions, see Section 5.1.10,
       "Server-Side Help."

     * If you run MySQL Server on Windows, see Section 2.3.9,
       "Upgrading MySQL on Windows."

     * If you use replication, see Section 17.4.3, "Upgrading a
       Replication Setup," for information on upgrading your
       replication setup.

     * If you use InnoDB, consider setting innodb_fast_shutdown
       to 0 before shutting down and upgrading your server. When
       you set innodb_fast_shutdown to 0, InnoDB does a slow
       shutdown, a full purge and an insert buffer merge before
       shutting down, which ensures that all data files are
       fully prepared in case the upgrade process modifies the
       file format.

     * If you upgrade an installation originally produced by
       installing multiple RPM packages, it is best to upgrade
       all the packages, not just some. For example, if you
       previously installed the server and client RPMs, do not
       upgrade just the server RPM.

     * If you have created a user-defined function (UDF) with a
       given name and upgrade MySQL to a version that implements
       a new built-in function with the same name, the UDF
       becomes inaccessible. To correct this, use DROP FUNCTION
       to drop the UDF, and then use CREATE FUNCTION to
       re-create the UDF with a different nonconflicting name.
       The same is true if the new version of MySQL implements a
       built-in function with the same name as an existing
       stored function. See Section 9.2.4, "Function Name
       Parsing and Resolution," for the rules describing how the
       server interprets references to different kinds of
       functions.

   For upgrades between versions of a MySQL release series that
   has reached General Availability status, you can move the
   MySQL format files and data files between different versions
   on systems with the same architecture. For upgrades to a
   version of a MySQL release series that is in development
   status, that is not necessarily true. Use of development
   releases is at your own risk.

   If you are cautious about using new versions, you can always
   rename your old mysqld before installing a newer one. For
   example, if you are using a version of MySQL 5.1 and want to
   upgrade to 5.5, rename your current server from mysqld to
   mysqld-5.1. If your new mysqld then does something
   unexpected, you can simply shut it down and restart with your
   old mysqld.

   If problems occur, such as that the new mysqld server does
   not start or that you cannot connect without a password,
   verify that you do not have an old my.cnf file from your
   previous installation. You can check this with the
   --print-defaults option (for example, mysqld
   --print-defaults). If this command displays anything other
   than the program name, you have an active my.cnf file that
   affects server or client operation.

   If, after an upgrade, you experience problems with compiled
   client programs, such as Commands out of sync or unexpected
   core dumps, you probably have used old header or library
   files when compiling your programs. In this case, you should
   check the date for your mysql.h file and libmysqlclient.a
   library to verify that they are from the new MySQL
   distribution. If not, recompile your programs with the new
   headers and libraries. Recompilation might also be necessary
   for programs compiled against the shared client library if
   the library major version number has changed (for example
   from libmysqlclient.so.15 to libmysqlclient.so.16.

   If your MySQL installation contains a large amount of data
   that might take a long time to convert after an in-place
   upgrade, you might find it useful to create a "dummy"
   database instance for assessing what conversions might be
   needed and the work involved to perform them. Make a copy of
   your MySQL instance that contains a full copy of the mysql
   database, plus all other databases without data. Run your
   upgrade procedure on this dummy instance to see what actions
   might be needed so that you can better evaluate the work
   involved when performing actual data conversion on your
   original database instance.

   It is a good idea to rebuild and reinstall the Perl
   DBD::mysql module whenever you install a new release of
   MySQL. The same applies to other MySQL interfaces as well,
   such as PHP mysql extensions and the Python MySQLdb module.

2.11.1.1 Upgrading from MySQL 5.1 to 5.5

   Note

   It is good practice to back up your data before installing
   any new version of software. Although MySQL works very hard
   to ensure a high level of quality, you should protect your
   data by making a backup.

   To upgrade to 5.5 from any previous version, MySQL recommends
   that you dump your tables with mysqldump before upgrading and
   reload the dump file after upgrading. Use the --all-databases
   option to include all databases in the dump. If your
   databases include stored programs, use the --routines and
   --events options as well.

   In general, you should do the following when upgrading from
   MySQL 5.1 to 5.5:

     * Read all the items in these sections to see whether any
       of them might affect your applications:

          + Section 2.11.1, "Upgrading MySQL," has general
            update information.

          + The items in the change lists provided later in this
            section enable you to identify upgrade issues that
            apply to your current MySQL installation. Some
            incompatibilities discussed there require your
            attention before upgrading. Others should be dealt
            with after upgrading.

          + The MySQL 5.5 Release Notes
            (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.5/en/)
            describe significant new features you can use in 5.5
            or that differ from those found in earlier MySQL
            releases. Some of these changes may result in
            incompatibilities.
       Note particularly any changes that are marked Known issue
       or Incompatible change. These incompatibilities with
       earlier versions of MySQL may require your attention
       before you upgrade. Our aim is to avoid these changes,
       but occasionally they are necessary to correct problems
       that would be worse than an incompatibility between
       releases. If any upgrade issue applicable to your
       installation involves an incompatibility that requires
       special handling, follow the instructions given in the
       incompatibility description. Sometimes this involves
       dumping and reloading tables, or use of a statement such
       as CHECK TABLE or REPAIR TABLE.
       For dump and reload instructions, see Section 2.11.4,
       "Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes." Any
       procedure that involves REPAIR TABLE with the USE_FRM
       option must be done before upgrading. Use of this
       statement with a version of MySQL different from the one
       used to create the table (that is, using it after
       upgrading) may damage the table. See Section 13.7.2.5,
       "REPAIR TABLE Syntax."

     * Before upgrading to a new version of MySQL, Section
       2.11.3, "Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be
       Rebuilt," to see whether changes to table formats or to
       character sets or collations were made between your
       current version of MySQL and the version to which you are
       upgrading. If so and these changes result in an
       incompatibility between MySQL versions, you will need to
       upgrade the affected tables using the instructions in
       Section 2.11.4, "Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or
       Indexes."

     * After upgrading to a new version of MySQL, run
       mysql_upgrade (see Section 4.4.7, "mysql_upgrade ---
       Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables"). This program checks
       your tables, and attempts to repair them if necessary. It
       also updates your grant tables to make sure that they
       have the current structure so that you can take advantage
       of any new capabilities. (Some releases of MySQL
       introduce changes to the structure of the grant tables to
       add new privileges or features.)
       mysql_upgrade does not upgrade the contents of the help
       tables. For upgrade instructions, see Section 5.1.10,
       "Server-Side Help."

     * If you run MySQL Server on Windows, see Section 2.3.9,
       "Upgrading MySQL on Windows."

     * If you use replication, see Section 17.4.3, "Upgrading a
       Replication Setup," for information on upgrading your
       replication setup.

   If your MySQL installation contains a large amount of data
   that might take a long time to convert after an in-place
   upgrade, you might find it useful to create a "dummy"
   database instance for assessing what conversions might be
   needed and the work involved to perform them. Make a copy of
   your MySQL instance that contains a full copy of the mysql
   database, plus all other databases without data. Run your
   upgrade procedure on this dummy instance to see what actions
   might be needed so that you can better evaluate the work
   involved when performing actual data conversion on your
   original database instance.

   The following lists describe changes that may affect
   applications and that you should watch out for when upgrading
   from MySQL 5.1 to 5.5.

Configuration Changes


     * Incompatible change: The InnoDB Plugin is included in
       MySQL 5.5 releases. It becomes the built-in version of
       InnoDB in MySQL Server, replacing the version previously
       included as the built-in InnoDB engine. InnoDB Plugin is
       also available in MySQL 5.1 as of 5.1.38, but it is an
       optional storage engine that must be enabled explicitly
       using two server options:
[mysqld]
ignore-builtin-innodb
plugin-load=innodb=ha_innodb_plugin.so

       If you were using InnoDB Plugin in MySQL 5.1 by means of
       those options, you must remove them after an upgrade to
       5.5 or the server will fail to start.
       In addition, in InnoDB Plugin, the innodb_file_io_threads
       system variable has been removed and replaced with
       innodb_read_io_threads and innodb_write_io_threads. If
       you upgrade from MySQL 5.1 to MySQL 5.5 and previously
       explicitly set innodb_file_io_threads at server startup,
       you must change your configuration. Either remove any
       reference to innodb_file_io_threads or replace it with
       references to innodb_read_io_threads and
       innodb_write_io_threads.

     * Incompatible change: In MySQL 5.5, the server includes a
       plugin services interface that complements the plugin
       API. The services interface enables server functionality
       to be exposed as a "service" that plugins can access
       through a function-call interface. The libmysqlservices
       library provides access to the available services and
       dynamic plugins now must be linked against this library
       (use the -lmysqlservices flag). For an example showing
       how to configure for CMake, see Section 24.2.5, "MySQL
       Services for Plugins."

Server Changes


     * On Linux systems, the libaio library may be needed.
       Install it first, if it is not already present on your
       system.

     * Known issue: As of MySQL 5.5.32, for new installations,
       the url columns in the mysql database help tables are now
       created as type TEXT to accommodate longer URLs. For
       upgrades, mysql_upgrade does not update the columns.
       Modify them manually using these statements:
ALTER TABLE mysql.help_category MODIFY url TEXT NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE mysql.help_topic MODIFY url TEXT NOT NULL;


     * Incompatible change: As of MySQL 5.5.3, due to work done
       for Bug #989, FLUSH TABLES is not permitted when there is
       an active LOCK TABLES ... READ. To provide a workaround
       for this restriction, FLUSH TABLES has a new variant,
       FLUSH TABLES tbl_list WITH READ LOCK, that enables tables
       to be flushed and locked in a single operation. As a
       result of this change, applications that previously used
       this statement sequence to lock and flush tables will
       fail:
LOCK TABLES tbl_list READ;
FLUSH TABLES tbl_list;

       Such applications should now use this statement instead:
FLUSH TABLES tbl_list WITH READ LOCK;


     * Incompatible change: As of MySQL 5.5.7, the server
       requires that a new grant table, proxies_priv, be present
       in the mysql database. If you are upgrading to 5.5.7 from
       a previous MySQL release rather than performing a new
       installation, the server will find that this table is
       missing and exit during startup with the following
       message:
Table 'mysql.proxies_priv' doesn't exist

       To create the proxies_priv table, start the server with
       the --skip-grant-tables option to cause it to skip the
       normal grant table checks, then run mysql_upgrade. For
       example:
shell> mysqld --skip-grant-tables &
shell> mysql_upgrade

       Then stop the server and restart it normally.
       You can specify other options on the mysqld command line
       if necessary. Alternatively, if your installation is
       configured so that the server normally reads options from
       an option file, use the --defaults-file option to specify
       the file (enter each command on a single line):
shell> mysqld --defaults-file=/usr/local/mysql/etc/my.cnf
         --skip-grant-tables &
shell> mysql_upgrade

       With the --skip-grant-tables option, the server does no
       password or privilege checking, so any client can connect
       and effectively have all privileges. For additional
       security, use the --skip-networking option as well to
       prevent remote clients from connecting.
       Note
       This problem is fixed in MySQL 5.5.8; the server treats a
       missing proxies_priv table as equivalent to an empty
       table. However, after starting the server, you should
       still run mysql_upgrade to create the table.

     * Incompatible change: As of MySQL 5.5.7, InnoDB always
       uses the fast truncation technique, equivalent to DROP
       TABLE and CREATE TABLE. It no longer performs a
       row-by-row delete for tables with parent-child foreign
       key relationships. TRUNCATE TABLE returns an error for
       such tables. Modify your SQL to issue DELETE FROM
       table_name for such tables instead.

     * Incompatible change: Prior to MySQL 5.5.7, if you flushed
       the logs using FLUSH LOGS or mysqladmin flush-logs and
       mysqld was writing the error log to a file (for example,
       if it was started with the --log-error option), it
       renames the current log file with the suffix -old, then
       created a new empty log file. This had the problem that a
       second log-flushing operation thus caused the original
       error log file to be lost unless you saved it under a
       different name. For example, you could use the following
       commands to save the file:
shell> mysqladmin flush-logs
shell> mv host_name.err-old backup-directory

       To avoid the preceding file-loss problem, no renaming
       occurs as of MySQL 5.5.7; the server merely closes and
       reopens the log file. To rename the file, you can do so
       manually before flushing. Then flushing the logs reopens
       a new file with the original file name. For example, you
       can rename the file and create a new one using the
       following commands:
shell> mv host_name.err host_name.err-old
shell> mysqladmin flush-logs
shell> mv host_name.err-old backup-directory


     * Incompatible change: As of MySQL 5.5.6, handling of
       CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ... SELECT statements has been
       changed for the case that the destination table already
       exists:

          + Previously, for CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ...
            SELECT, MySQL produced a warning that the table
            exists, but inserted the rows and wrote the
            statement to the binary log anyway. By contrast,
            CREATE TABLE ... SELECT (without IF NOT EXISTS)
            failed with an error, but MySQL inserted no rows and
            did not write the statement to the binary log.

          + MySQL now handles both statements the same way when
            the destination table exists, in that neither
            statement inserts rows or is written to the binary
            log. The difference between them is that MySQL
            produces a warning when IF NOT EXISTS is present and
            an error when it is not.
       This change in handling of IF NOT EXISTS results in an
       incompatibility for statement-based replication from a
       MySQL 5.1 master with the original behavior and a MySQL
       5.5 slave with the new behavior. Suppose that CREATE
       TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ... SELECT is executed on the master
       and the destination table exists. The result is that rows
       are inserted on the master but not on the slave.
       (Row-based replication does not have this problem.)
       To address this issue, statement-based binary logging for
       CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ... SELECT is changed in MySQL
       5.1 as of 5.1.51:

          + If the destination table does not exist, there is no
            change: The statement is logged as is.

          + If the destination table does exist, the statement
            is logged as the equivalent pair of CREATE TABLE IF
            NOT EXISTS and INSERT ... SELECT statements. (If the
            SELECT in the original statement is preceded by
            IGNORE or REPLACE, the INSERT becomes INSERT IGNORE
            or REPLACE, respectively.)
       This change provides forward compatibility for
       statement-based replication from MySQL 5.1 to 5.5 because
       when the destination table exists, the rows will be
       inserted on both the master and slave. To take advantage
       of this compatibility measure, the 5.1 server must be at
       least 5.1.51 and the 5.5 server must be at least 5.5.6.
       To upgrade an existing 5.1-to-5.5 replication scenario,
       upgrade the master first to 5.1.51 or higher. Note that
       this differs from the usual replication upgrade advice of
       upgrading the slave first.
       A workaround for applications that wish to achieve the
       original effect (rows inserted regardless of whether the
       destination table exists) is to use CREATE TABLE IF NOT
       EXISTS and INSERT ... SELECT statements rather than
       CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ... SELECT statements.
       Along with the change just described, the following
       related change was made: Previously, if an existing view
       was named as the destination table for CREATE TABLE IF
       NOT EXISTS ... SELECT, rows were inserted into the
       underlying base table and the statement was written to
       the binary log. As of MySQL 5.1.51 and 5.5.6, nothing is
       inserted or logged.

     * Incompatible change: Prior to MySQL 5.5.6, if the server
       was started with character_set_server set to utf16, it
       crashed during full-text stopword initialization. Now the
       stopword file is loaded and searched using latin1 if
       character_set_server is ucs2, utf16, or utf32. If any
       table was created with FULLTEXT indexes while the server
       character set was ucs2, utf16, or utf32, it should be
       repaired using this statement:
REPAIR TABLE tbl_name QUICK;


     * Incompatible change: As of MySQL 5.5.5, all numeric
       operators and functions on integer, floating-point and
       DECIMAL values throw an "out of range" error
       (ER_DATA_OUT_OF_RANGE) rather than returning an incorrect
       value or NULL, when the result is out of the supported
       range for the corresponding data type. See Section
       11.2.6, "Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling."

     * Incompatible change: In very old versions of MySQL (prior
       to 4.1), the TIMESTAMP data type supported a display
       width, which was silently ignored beginning with MySQL
       4.1. This is deprecated in MySQL 5.1, and removed
       altogether in MySQL 5.5. These changes in behavior can
       lead to two problem scenarios when trying to use
       TIMESTAMP(N) columns with a MySQL 5.5 or later server:

          + When importing a dump file (for example, one created
            using mysqldump) created in a MySQL 5.0 or earlier
            server into a server from a newer release series, a
            CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement containing
            TIMESTAMP(N) causes the import to fail with a syntax
            error.
            To fix this problem, edit the dump file in a text
            editor to replace any instances of TIMESTAMP(N) with
            TIMESTAMP prior to importing the file. Be sure to
            use a plain text editor for this, and not a word
            processor; otherwise, the result is almost certain
            to be unusable for importing into the MySQL server.

          + When trying replicate any CREATE TABLE or ALTER
            TABLE statement containing TIMESTAMP(N) from a
            master MySQL server that supports the TIMESTAMP(N)
            syntax to a MySQL 5.5.3 or newer slave, the
            statement causes replication to fail. Similarly,
            when you try to restore from a binary log written by
            a server that supports TIMESTAMP(N) to a MySQL 5.5.3
            or newer server, any CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE
            statement containing TIMESTAMP(N) causes the backup
            to fail. This holds true regardless of the logging
            format.
            It may be possible to fix such issues using a hex
            editor, by replacing any width arguments used with
            TIMESTAMP, and the parentheses containing them, with
            space characters (hexadecimal 20). Be sure to use a
            programmer's binary hex editor and not a regular
            text editor or word processor for this; otherwise,
            the result is almost certain to be a corrupted
            binary log file. To guard against accidental
            corruption of the binary log, you should always work
            on a copy of the file rather than the original.
       You should try to handle potential issues of these types
       proactively by updating with ALTER TABLE any TIMESTAMP(N)
       columns in your databases so that they use TIMESTAMP
       instead, before performing any upgrades.

     * Incompatible change: As of MySQL 5.5.3, the Unicode
       implementation has been extended to provide support for
       supplementary characters that lie outside the Basic
       Multilingual Plane (BMP). Noteworthy features:

          + utf16 and utf32 character sets have been added.
            These correspond to the UTF-16 and UTF-32 encodings
            of the Unicode character set, and they both support
            supplementary characters.

          + The utf8mb4 character set has been added. This is
            similar to utf8, but its encoding allows up to four
            bytes per character to enable support for
            supplementary characters.

          + The ucs2 character set is essentially unchanged
            except for the inclusion of some newer BMP
            characters.
       In most respects, upgrading to MySQL 5.5 should present
       few problems with regard to Unicode usage, although there
       are some potential areas of incompatibility. These are
       the primary areas of concern:

          + For the variable-length character data types
            (VARCHAR and the TEXT types), the maximum length in
            characters is less for utf8mb4 columns than for utf8
            columns.

          + For all character data types (CHAR, VARCHAR, and the
            TEXT types), the maximum number of characters that
            can be indexed is less for utf8mb4 columns than for
            utf8 columns.
       Consequently, if you want to upgrade tables from utf8 to
       utf8mb4 to take advantage of supplementary-character
       support, it may be necessary to change some column or
       index definitions.
       For additional details about the new Unicode character
       sets and potential incompatibilities, see Section
       10.1.10, "Unicode Support," and Section 10.1.11,
       "Upgrading from Previous to Current Unicode Support."

     * Incompatible change: As of MySQL 5.5.3, the server
       includes dtoa, a library for conversion between strings
       and numbers by David M. Gay. In MySQL, this library
       provides the basis for improved conversion between string
       or DECIMAL values and approximate-value (FLOAT or DOUBLE)
       numbers.
       Because the conversions produced by this library differ
       in some cases from previous results, the potential exists
       for incompatibilities in applications that rely on
       previous results. For example, applications that depend
       on a specific exact result from previous conversions
       might need adjustment to accommodate additional
       precision.
       For additional information about the properties of dtoa
       conversions, see Section 12.2, "Type Conversion in
       Expression Evaluation."

     * Incompatible change: In MySQL 5.5, several changes were
       made regarding the language and character set of error
       messages:

          + The --language option for specifying the directory
            for the error message file is now deprecated. The
            new lc_messages_dir and lc_messages system variables
            should be used instead, and the server treats
            --language as an alias for lc_messages_dir.

          + The language system variable has been removed and
            replaced with the new lc_messages_dir and
            lc_messages system variables. lc_messages_dir has
            only a global value and is read only. lc_messages
            has global and session values and can be modified at
            runtime, so the error message language can be
            changed while the server is running, and individual
            clients each can have a different error message
            language by changing their session lc_messages value
            to a different locale name.

          + Error messages previously were constructed in a mix
            of character sets. This issue is resolved by
            constructing error messages internally within the
            server using UTF-8 and returning them to the client
            in the character set specified by the
            character_set_results system variable. The content
            of error messages therefore may in some cases differ
            from the messages returned previously.
       For more information, see Section 10.2, "Setting the
       Error Message Language," and Section 10.1.6, "Character
       Set for Error Messages."

     * Incompatible change: MySQL 5.5 implements new functions
       used to calculate row placement for tables partitioned by
       KEY and LINEAR KEY. Tables that were created using KEY or
       LINEAR KEY partitioning in MySQL 5.1 can be upgraded in
       MySQL 5.5.31 and later using ALTER TABLE ... PARTITION BY
       ALGORITHM=2 [LINEAR] KEY (...). (Bug #14521864, Bug
       #66462)

SQL Changes


     * Incompatible change: Previously, the parser accepted an
       INTO clause in nested SELECT statements, which is invalid
       because such statements must return their results to the
       outer context. As of MySQL 5.5.3, this syntax is no
       longer permitted and statements that use it must be
       changed.

     * Incompatible change: In MySQL 5.5.3, several changes were
       made to alias resolution in multiple-table DELETE
       statements so that it is no longer possible to have
       inconsistent or ambiguous table aliases.

          + In MySQL 5.1.23, alias declarations outside the
            table_references part of the statement were
            disallowed for the USING variant of multiple-table
            DELETE syntax, to reduce the possibility of
            ambiguous aliases that could lead to ambiguous
            statements that have unexpected results such as
            deleting rows from the wrong table.
            As of MySQL 5.5.3, alias declarations outside
            table_references are disallowed for all
            multiple-table DELETE statements. Alias declarations
            are permitted only in the table_references part.
            Incorrect:
DELETE FROM t1 AS a2 USING t1 AS a1 INNER JOIN t2 AS a2;
DELETE t1 AS a2 FROM t1 AS a1 INNER JOIN t2 AS a2;

            Correct:
DELETE FROM t1 USING t1 AS a1 INNER JOIN t2 AS a2;
DELETE t1 FROM t1 AS a1 INNER JOIN t2 AS a2;


          + Previously, for alias references in the list of
            tables from which to delete rows in a multiple-table
            delete, the default database is used unless one is
            specified explicitly. For example, if the default
            database is db1, the following statement does not
            work because the unqualified alias reference a2 is
            interpreted as having a database of db1:
DELETE a1, a2 FROM db1.t1 AS a1 INNER JOIN db2.t2 AS a2
WHERE a1.id=a2.id;

            To correctly match an alias that refers to a table
            outside the default database, you must explicitly
            qualify the reference with the name of the proper
            database:
DELETE a1, db2.a2 FROM db1.t1 AS a1 INNER JOIN db2.t2 AS a2
WHERE a1.id=a2.id;

            As of MySQL 5.5.3, alias resolution does not require
            qualification and alias references should not be
            qualified with the database name. Qualified names
            are interpreted as referring to tables, not aliases.
       Statements containing alias constructs that are no longer
       permitted must be rewritten.

     * Some keywords may be reserved in MySQL 5.5 that were not
       reserved in MySQL 5.1. See Section 9.3, "Reserved Words."

2.11.1.2 Upgrading from MySQL 5.4 to 5.5

   This section is for the special case of upgrading to MySQL
   5.5 from the short-lived MySQL 5.4 development series, which
   is no longer being worked on.
   Note

   It is good practice to back up your data before installing
   any new version of software. Although MySQL works very hard
   to ensure a high level of quality, you should protect your
   data by making a backup.

   To upgrade to 5.5 from any previous version, MySQL recommends
   that you dump your tables with mysqldump before upgrading and
   reload the dump file after upgrading. Use the --all-databases
   option to include all databases in the dump. If your
   databases include stored programs, use the --routines and
   --events options as well.

   In general, you should do the following when upgrading from
   MySQL 5.4 to 5.5:

     * Read all the items in these sections to see whether any
       of them might affect your applications:

          + Section 2.11.1, "Upgrading MySQL," has general
            update information.

          + The items in the change lists provided later in this
            section enable you to identify upgrade issues that
            apply to your current MySQL installation. Some
            incompatibilities discussed there require your
            attention before upgrading. Others should be dealt
            with after upgrading.

          + The MySQL 5.5 Release Notes
            (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.5/en/)
            describe significant new features you can use in 5.5
            or that differ from those found in earlier MySQL
            releases. Some of these changes may result in
            incompatibilities.
       Note particularly any changes that are marked Known issue
       or Incompatible change. These incompatibilities with
       earlier versions of MySQL may require your attention
       before you upgrade. Our aim is to avoid these changes,
       but occasionally they are necessary to correct problems
       that would be worse than an incompatibility between
       releases. If any upgrade issue applicable to your
       installation involves an incompatibility that requires
       special handling, follow the instructions given in the
       incompatibility description. Sometimes this involves
       dumping and reloading tables, or use of a statement such
       as CHECK TABLE or REPAIR TABLE.
       For dump and reload instructions, see Section 2.11.4,
       "Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes." Any
       procedure that involves REPAIR TABLE with the USE_FRM
       option must be done before upgrading. Use of this
       statement with a version of MySQL different from the one
       used to create the table (that is, using it after
       upgrading) may damage the table. See Section 13.7.2.5,
       "REPAIR TABLE Syntax."

     * Before upgrading to a new version of MySQL, Section
       2.11.3, "Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be
       Rebuilt," to see whether changes to table formats or to
       character sets or collations were made between your
       current version of MySQL and the version to which you are
       upgrading. If so and these changes result in an
       incompatibility between MySQL versions, you will need to
       upgrade the affected tables using the instructions in
       Section 2.11.4, "Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or
       Indexes."

     * After upgrading to a new version of MySQL, run
       mysql_upgrade (see Section 4.4.7, "mysql_upgrade ---
       Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables"). This program checks
       your tables, and attempts to repair them if necessary. It
       also updates your grant tables to make sure that they
       have the current structure so that you can take advantage
       of any new capabilities. (Some releases of MySQL
       introduce changes to the structure of the grant tables to
       add new privileges or features.)
       mysql_upgrade does not upgrade the contents of the help
       tables. For upgrade instructions, see Section 5.1.10,
       "Server-Side Help."

     * If you run MySQL Server on Windows, see Section 2.3.9,
       "Upgrading MySQL on Windows."

     * If you use replication, see Section 17.4.3, "Upgrading a
       Replication Setup," for information on upgrading your
       replication setup.

   If your MySQL installation contains a large amount of data
   that might take a long time to convert after an in-place
   upgrade, you might find it useful to create a "dummy"
   database instance for assessing what conversions might be
   needed and the work involved to perform them. Make a copy of
   your MySQL instance that contains a full copy of the mysql
   database, plus all other databases without data. Run your
   upgrade procedure on this dummy instance to see what actions
   might be needed so that you can better evaluate the work
   involved when performing actual data conversion on your
   original database instance.

   The following lists describe changes that may affect
   applications and that you should watch out for when upgrading
   from MySQL 5.4 to 5.5.

Configuration Changes


     * Incompatible change: In MySQL 5.5, the server includes a
       plugin services interface that complements the plugin
       API. The services interface enables server functionality
       to be exposed as a "service" that plugins can access
       through a function-call interface. The libmysqlservices
       library provides access to the available services and
       dynamic plugins now must be linked against this library
       (use the -lmysqlservices flag). For an example showing
       how to configure for CMake, see Section 24.2.5, "MySQL
       Services for Plugins."

Server Changes


     * On Linux systems, the libaio library may be needed.
       Install it first, if it is not already present on your
       system.

     * Incompatible change: As of MySQL 5.5.7, the server
       requires that a new grant table, proxies_priv, be present
       in the mysql database. If you are upgrading from a
       previous MySQL release rather than performing a new
       installation, the server will find that this table is
       missing and exit during startup with the following
       message:
Table 'mysql.proxies_priv' doesn't exist

       To create the proxies_priv table, start the server with
       the --skip-grant-tables option to cause it to skip the
       normal grant table checks, then run mysql_upgrade. For
       example:
shell> mysqld --skip-grant-tables &
shell> mysql_upgrade

       Then stop the server and restart it normally.
       You can specify other options on the mysqld command line
       if necessary. Alternatively, if your installation is
       configured so that the server normally reads options from
       an option file, use the --defaults-file option to specify
       the file (enter each command on a single line):
shell> mysqld --defaults-file=/usr/local/mysql/etc/my.cnf
         --skip-grant-tables &
shell> mysql_upgrade

       With the --skip-grant-tables option, the server does no
       password or privilege checking, so any client can connect
       and effectively have all privileges. For additional
       security, use the --skip-networking option as well to
       prevent remote clients from connecting.

     * Incompatible change: As of MySQL 5.5.3, the Unicode
       implementation has been extended to provide support for
       supplementary characters that lie outside the Basic
       Multilingual Plane (BMP). Noteworthy features:

          + utf16 and utf32 character sets have been added.
            These correspond to the UTF-16 and UTF-32 encodings
            of the Unicode character set, and they both support
            supplementary characters.

          + The utf8mb4 character set has been added. This is
            similar to utf8, but its encoding allows up to four
            bytes per character to enable support for
            supplementary characters.

          + The ucs2 character set is essentially unchanged
            except for the inclusion of some newer BMP
            characters.
       In most respects, upgrading to MySQL 5.5 should present
       few problems with regard to Unicode usage, although there
       are some potential areas of incompatibility. These are
       the primary areas of concern:

          + For the variable-length character data types
            (VARCHAR and the TEXT types), the maximum length in
            characters is less for utf8mb4 columns than for utf8
            columns.

          + For all character data types (CHAR, VARCHAR, and the
            TEXT types), the maximum number of characters that
            can be indexed is less for utf8mb4 columns than for
            utf8 columns.
       Consequently, if you want to upgrade tables from utf8 to
       utf8mb4 to take advantage of supplementary-character
       support, it may be necessary to change some column or
       index definitions.
       For additional details about the new Unicode character
       sets and potential incompatibilities, see Section
       10.1.10, "Unicode Support," and Section 10.1.11,
       "Upgrading from Previous to Current Unicode Support."

     * Incompatible change: As of MySQL 5.5.3, the server
       includes dtoa, a library for conversion between strings
       and numbers by David M. Gay. In MySQL, this library
       provides the basis for improved conversion between string
       or DECIMAL values and approximate-value (FLOAT/DOUBLE)
       numbers.
       Because the conversions produced by this library differ
       in some cases from previous results, the potential exists
       for incompatibilities in applications that rely on
       previous results. For example, applications that depend
       on a specific exact result from previous conversions
       might need adjustment to accommodate additional
       precision.
       For additional information about the properties of dtoa
       conversions, see Section 12.2, "Type Conversion in
       Expression Evaluation."

     * Incompatible change: In MySQL 5.5, several changes were
       made regarding the language and character set of error
       messages:

          + The --language option for specifying the directory
            for the error message file is now deprecated. The
            new lc_messages_dir and lc_messages system variables
            should be used instead, and the server treats
            --language as an alias for lc_messages_dir.

          + The language system variable has been removed and
            replaced with the new lc_messages_dir and
            lc_messages system variables. lc_messages_dir has
            only a global value and is read only. lc_messages
            has global and session values and can be modified at
            runtime, so the error message language can be
            changed while the server is running, and individual
            clients each can have a different error message
            language by changing their session lc_messages value
            to a different locale name.

          + Error messages previously were constructed in a mix
            of character sets. This issue is resolved by
            constructing error messages internally within the
            server using UTF-8 and returning them to the client
            in the character set specified by the
            character_set_results system variable. The content
            of error messages therefore may in some cases differ
            from the messages returned previously.
       For more information, see Section 10.2, "Setting the
       Error Message Language," and Section 10.1.6, "Character
       Set for Error Messages."

     * Before MySQL 5.1.36, plugin options were boolean options
       (see Section 4.2.5, "Program Option Modifiers"). If you
       upgrade to MySQL 5.5 from a version older than 5.1.36 and
       previously used options of the form --plugin_name=0 or
       --plugin_name=1, the equivalent options are now
       --plugin_name=OFF and --plugin_name=ON, respectively. You
       also have the choice of requiring plugins to start
       successfully by using --plugin_name=FORCE or
       --plugin_name=FORCE_PLUS_PERMANENT.

SQL Changes


     * Incompatible change: Previously, the parser accepted an
       INTO clause in nested SELECT statements, which is invalid
       because such statements must return their results to the
       outer context. As of MySQL 5.5.3, this syntax is no
       longer permitted and statements that use it must be
       changed.

     * Some keywords may be reserved in MySQL 5.5 that were not
       reserved in MySQL 5.4. See Section 9.3, "Reserved Words."

2.11.2 Downgrading MySQL

   This section describes what you should do to downgrade to an
   older MySQL version in the unlikely case that the previous
   version worked better than the new one.

   It is always a good idea to make a backup beforehand, in case
   a downgrade fails and leaves the instance in an unusable
   state.

   To downgrade between General Availability (GA) status
   versions within the same release series, typically you just
   install the new binaries on top of the old ones and do not
   make any changes to the databases.

   Downgrades between milestone releases (or from a GA release
   to a milestone release) within the same release series are
   not supported and you may encounter issues.

   The following items form a checklist of things you should do
   whenever you perform a downgrade:

     * Read the upgrading section for the release series from
       which you are downgrading to be sure that it does not
       have any features you really need. See Section 2.11.1,
       "Upgrading MySQL."

     * If there is a downgrading section for that version, you
       should read that as well.

     * To see which new features were added between the version
       to which you are downgrading and your current version,
       see the Release Notes
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.5/en/).

     * Check Section 2.11.3, "Checking Whether Tables or Indexes
       Must Be Rebuilt," to see whether changes to table formats
       or to character sets or collations were made between your
       current version of MySQL and the version to which you are
       downgrading. If so and these changes result in an
       incompatibility between MySQL versions, you will need to
       downgrade the affected tables using the instructions in
       Section 2.11.4, "Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or
       Indexes."

   In most cases, you can move the MySQL format files and data
   files between different GA versions on the same architecture
   as long as you stay within versions for the same release
   series of MySQL.

   If you downgrade from one release series to another, there
   may be incompatibilities in table storage formats. In this
   case, use mysqldump to dump your tables before downgrading.
   After downgrading, reload the dump file using mysql or
   mysqlimport to re-create your tables. For examples, see
   Section 2.11.5, "Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine."

   A typical symptom of a downward-incompatible table format
   change when you downgrade is that you cannot open tables. In
   that case, use the following procedure:

    1. Stop the older MySQL server that you are downgrading to.

    2. Restart the newer MySQL server you are downgrading from.

    3. Dump any tables that were inaccessible to the older
       server by using mysqldump to create a dump file.

    4. Stop the newer MySQL server and restart the older one.

    5. Reload the dump file into the older server. Your tables
       should be accessible.

   It might also be the case that system tables in the mysql
   database have changed and that downgrading introduces some
   loss of functionality or requires some adjustments. Here are
   some examples:

     * Trigger creation requires the TRIGGER privilege as of
       MySQL 5.1. In MySQL 5.0, there is no TRIGGER privilege
       and SUPER is required instead. If you downgrade from
       MySQL 5.1 to 5.0, you will need to give the SUPER
       privilege to those accounts that had the TRIGGER
       privilege in 5.1.

     * Triggers were added in MySQL 5.0, so if you downgrade
       from 5.0 to 4.1, you cannot use triggers at all.

     * The mysql.proc.comment column definition changed between
       MySQL 5.1 and 5.5. After a downgrade from 5.5 to 5.1,
       this table is seen as corrupt and in need of repair. To
       workaround this problem, execute mysql_upgrade from the
       version of MySQL to which you downgraded.

2.11.2.1 Downgrading to MySQL 5.1

   When downgrading to MySQL 5.1 from MySQL 5.5, you should keep
   in mind the following issues relating to features found in
   MySQL 5.5, but not in MySQL 5.1:

     * InnoDB.  MySQL 5.5 uses InnoDB Plugin as the built-in
       version of InnoDB. MySQL 5.1 includes InnoDB Plugin as of
       5.1.38, but as an option that must be enabled explicitly.
       See the Release Notes
       (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.5/en/) for
       MySQL 5.1.38.

     * Tables partitioned by [LINEAR] KEY.  MySQL 5.5 implements
       new functions used to calculate row placement for tables
       partitioned by KEY and LINEAR KEY. Tables that were
       created using KEY or LINEAR KEY partitioning in MySQL 5.5
       cannot be used by a MySQL 5.1 server. In MySQL 5.5.31 and
       later, you can downgrade such tables with ALTER TABLE ...
       PARTITION BY ALGORITHM=1 [LINEAR] KEY (...) to make them
       compatible with MySQL 5.1.

2.11.2.2 Downgrading from MySQL Enterprise Edition to MySQL
Community Server

   This section describes the steps required to downgrade from
   MySQL Enterprise Edition to MySQL Community Edition. This can
   be done at any time, and is required at the expiration of a
   MySQL Enterprise Edition subscription if you wish to continue
   using MySQL Server.

   When you perform such a downgrade, all commercially licensed
   components of the MySQL Enterprise Edition subscription must
   be uninstalled. These components and related considerations
   are described in the rest of this section.
   Note

   The issues described in this section are in addition to any
   that may be encountered as a result of any upgrade or
   downgrade of the MySQL Server version (such as between MySQL
   5.5 and 5.1). Information about upgrading and downgrading
   between MySQL release series can be found elsewhere in this
   chapter; see Section 2.11.1, "Upgrading MySQL," and Section
   2.11.2, "Downgrading MySQL."

   MySQL Enterprise Database Server.  All commercial versions of
   MySQL Database Server must be uninstalled.

   Commercially licensed extensions.  All commercially licensed
   MySQL Enterprise Database Server extensions must be
   uninstalled. This includes the following commercial
   extensions:

     * MySQL External Authentication for Windows: Following
       uninstallation of this plugin, existing MySQL user
       accounts must be re-created using local authentication.
       See Section 6.3, "MySQL User Account Management," for
       more information.

     * MySQL External Authentication for PAM: Following
       uninstallation of this plugin, existing MySQL user
       accounts must be re-created using local authentication.
       See Section 6.3, "MySQL User Account Management," for
       more information.

     * MySQL Enterprise Scalability (Thread Pool): Following
       uninstallation of this plugin, existing MySQL servers
       revert to default thread and connection handling.

     * MySQL Enterprise Audit: Following uninstallation of this
       plugin, no logging of user logins or query activity
       occurs.

     * MySQL High Availability: Following uninstallation of this
       plugin, automated failover is no longer available.

   MySQL Enterprise Backup.  MySQL Enterprise Backup must be
   uninstalled. Uninstalling this application has the effects
   listed here:

     * Automated backup scripts no longer work.

     * Existing backup images taken with MySQL Enterprise Backup
       can no longer be used for recovery.

     * Third-party integration with multimedia systems such as
       NetBackup, Tivoli, and Oracle Secure Backup no longer
       works.

   MySQL Enterprise Monitor, MySQL Query Analyzer, agents.
   MySQL Enterprise Monitor, MySQL Query Analyzer, and all
   server-side agents must be uninstalled. Uninstalling these
   applications and agents has the following effects:

     * Automated SNMP and SMTP alerts no longer work.

     * All historical MySQL, OS monitoring, query, and
       performance metrics as well as all trending data are
       lost.

     * All environment-specific monitoring templates, custom
       advisors, graphs and scripts are also lost.

2.11.3 Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be Rebuilt

   A binary upgrade or downgrade is one that installs one
   version of MySQL "in place" over an existing version, without
   dumping and reloading tables:

    1. Stop the server for the existing version if it is
       running.

    2. Install a different version of MySQL. This is an upgrade
       if the new version is higher than the original version, a
       downgrade if the version is lower.

    3. Start the server for the new version.

   In many cases, the tables from the previous version of MySQL
   can be used without problem by the new version. However,
   sometimes changes occur that require tables or table indexes
   to be rebuilt, as described in this section. If you have
   tables that are affected by any of the issues described here,
   rebuild the tables or indexes as necessary using the
   instructions given in Section 2.11.4, "Rebuilding or
   Repairing Tables or Indexes."

Table Incompatibilities

   After a binary upgrade to MySQL 5.1 from a MySQL 5.0
   installation that contains ARCHIVE tables, accessing those
   tables causes the server to crash, even if you have run
   mysql_upgrade or CHECK TABLE ... FOR UPGRADE. To work around
   this problem, use mysqldump to dump all ARCHIVE tables before
   upgrading, and reload them into MySQL 5.1 after upgrading.
   The same problem occurs for binary downgrades from MySQL 5.1
   to 5.0.

   The upgrade problem is fixed in MySQL 5.6.4: The server can
   open ARCHIVE tables created in MySQL 5.0. However, it remains
   the recommended upgrade procedure to dump 5.0 ARCHIVE tables
   before upgrading and reload them after upgrading.

Index Incompatibilities

   In MySQL 5.6.3, the length limit for index prefix keys is
   increased from 767 bytes to 3072 bytes, for InnoDB tables
   using ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC or ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED. See
   Section 14.9.7, "Limits on InnoDB Tables" for details. This
   change is also backported to MySQL 5.5.14. If you downgrade
   from one of these releases or higher, to an earlier release
   with a lower length limit, the index prefix keys could be
   truncated at 767 bytes or the downgrade could fail. This
   issue could only occur if the configuration option
   innodb_large_prefix was enabled on the server being
   downgraded.

   If you perform a binary upgrade without dumping and reloading
   tables, you cannot upgrade directly from MySQL 4.1 to 5.1 or
   higher. This occurs due to an incompatible change in the
   MyISAM table index format in MySQL 5.0. Upgrade from MySQL
   4.1 to 5.0 and repair all MyISAM tables. Then upgrade from
   MySQL 5.0 to 5.1 and check and repair your tables.

   Modifications to the handling of character sets or collations
   might change the character sort order, which causes the
   ordering of entries in any index that uses an affected
   character set or collation to be incorrect. Such changes
   result in several possible problems:

     * Comparison results that differ from previous results

     * Inability to find some index values due to misordered
       index entries

     * Misordered ORDER BY results

     * Tables that CHECK TABLE reports as being in need of
       repair

   The solution to these problems is to rebuild any indexes that
   use an affected character set or collation, either by
   dropping and re-creating the indexes, or by dumping and
   reloading the entire table. In some cases, it is possible to
   alter affected columns to use a different collation. For
   information about rebuilding indexes, see Section 2.11.4,
   "Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes."

   To check whether a table has indexes that must be rebuilt,
   consult the following list. It indicates which versions of
   MySQL introduced character set or collation changes that
   require indexes to be rebuilt. Each entry indicates the
   version in which the change occurred and the character sets
   or collations that the change affects. If the change is
   associated with a particular bug report, the bug number is
   given.

   The list applies both for binary upgrades and downgrades. For
   example, Bug #27877 was fixed in MySQL 5.1.24, so it applies
   to upgrades from versions older than 5.1.24 to 5.1.24 or
   newer, and to downgrades from 5.1.24 or newer to versions
   older than 5.1.24.

   In many cases, you can use CHECK TABLE ... FOR UPGRADE to
   identify tables for which index rebuilding is required. It
   will report this message:
Table upgrade required.
Please do "REPAIR TABLE `tbl_name`" or dump/reload to fix it!

   In these cases, you can also use mysqlcheck --check-upgrade
   or mysql_upgrade, which execute CHECK TABLE. However, the use
   of CHECK TABLE applies only after upgrades, not downgrades.
   Also, CHECK TABLE is not applicable to all storage engines.
   For details about which storage engines CHECK TABLE supports,
   see Section 13.7.2.2, "CHECK TABLE Syntax."

   These changes cause index rebuilding to be necessary:

     * MySQL 5.1.24 (Bug #27877)
       Affects indexes that use the utf8_general_ci or
       ucs2_general_ci collation for columns that contain 'ß'
       LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S (German). The bug fix
       corrected an error in the original collations but
       introduced an incompatibility such that 'ß' compares
       equal to characters with which it previously compared
       different.
       Affected tables can be detected by CHECK TABLE ... FOR
       UPGRADE as of MySQL 5.1.30 (see Bug #40053).
       A workaround for this issue is implemented as of MySQL
       5.1.62, 5.5.21, and 5.6.5. The workaround involves
       altering affected columns to use the
       utf8_general_mysql500_ci and ucs2_general_mysql500_ci
       collations, which preserve the original pre-5.1.24
       ordering of utf8_general_ci and ucs2_general_ci.

     * MySQL 5.0.48, 5.1.23 (Bug #27562)
       Affects indexes that use the ascii_general_ci collation
       for columns that contain any of these characters: '`'
       GRAVE ACCENT, '[' LEFT SQUARE BRACKET, '\' REVERSE
       SOLIDUS, ']' RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET, '~' TILDE
       Affected tables can be detected by CHECK TABLE ... FOR
       UPGRADE as of MySQL 5.1.29 (see Bug #39585).

     * MySQL 5.0.48, 5.1.21 (Bug #29461)
       Affects indexes for columns that use any of these
       character sets: eucjpms, euc_kr, gb2312, latin7, macce,
       ujis
       Affected tables can be detected by CHECK TABLE ... FOR
       UPGRADE as of MySQL 5.1.29 (see Bug #39585).

2.11.4 Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes

   This section describes how to rebuild a table. This can be
   necessitated by changes to MySQL such as how data types are
   handled or changes to character set handling. For example, an
   error in a collation might have been corrected, necessitating
   a table rebuild to update the indexes for character columns
   that use the collation. (For examples, see Section 2.11.3,
   "Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be Rebuilt.") It
   might also be that a table repair or upgrade should be done
   as indicated by a table check operation such as that
   performed by CHECK TABLE, mysqlcheck, or mysql_upgrade.

   Methods for rebuilding a table include dumping and reloading
   it, or using ALTER TABLE or REPAIR TABLE. REPAIR TABLE only
   applies to MyISAM, ARCHIVE, and CSV tables.
   Note

   If you are rebuilding tables because a different version of
   MySQL will not handle them after a binary (in-place) upgrade
   or downgrade, you must use the dump-and-reload method. Dump
   the tables before upgrading or downgrading using your
   original version of MySQL. Then reload the tables after
   upgrading or downgrading.

   If you use the dump-and-reload method of rebuilding tables
   only for the purpose of rebuilding indexes, you can perform
   the dump either before or after upgrading or downgrading.
   Reloading still must be done afterward.

   To rebuild a table by dumping and reloading it, use mysqldump
   to create a dump file and mysql to reload the file:
shell> mysqldump db_name t1 > dump.sql
shell> mysql db_name < dump.sql

   To rebuild all the tables in a single database, specify the
   database name without any following table name:
shell> mysqldump db_name > dump.sql
shell> mysql db_name < dump.sql

   To rebuild all tables in all databases, use the
   --all-databases option:
shell> mysqldump --all-databases > dump.sql
shell> mysql < dump.sql

   To rebuild a table with ALTER TABLE, use a "null" alteration;
   that is, an ALTER TABLE statement that "changes" the table to
   use the storage engine that it already has. For example, if
   t1 is an InnoDB table, use this statement:
mysql> ALTER TABLE t1 ENGINE = InnoDB;

   If you are not sure which storage engine to specify in the
   ALTER TABLE statement, use SHOW CREATE TABLE to display the
   table definition.

   If you need to rebuild an InnoDB table because a CHECK TABLE
   operation indicates that a table upgrade is required, use
   mysqldump to create a dump file and mysql to reload the file,
   as described earlier. If the CHECK TABLE operation indicates
   that there is a corruption or causes InnoDB to fail, refer to
   Section 14.21.2, "Forcing InnoDB Recovery" for information
   about using the innodb_force_recovery option to restart
   InnoDB. To understand the type of problem that CHECK TABLE
   may be encountering, refer to the InnoDB notes in Section
   13.7.2.2, "CHECK TABLE Syntax."

   For MyISAM, ARCHIVE, or CSV tables, you can use REPAIR TABLE
   if the table checking operation indicates that there is a
   corruption or that an upgrade is required. For example, to
   repair a MyISAM table, use this statement:
mysql> REPAIR TABLE t1;

   mysqlcheck --repair provides command-line access to the
   REPAIR TABLE statement. This can be a more convenient means
   of repairing tables because you can use the --databases or
   --all-databases option to repair all tables in specific
   databases or all databases, respectively:
shell> mysqlcheck --repair --databases db_name ...
shell> mysqlcheck --repair --all-databases

   For incompatibilities introduced in MySQL 5.1.24 by the fix
   for Bug #27877 that corrected the utf8_general_ci and
   ucs2_general_ci collations, a workaround is implemented as of
   MySQL 5.1.62, 5.5.21, and 5.6.5. Upgrade to one of those
   versions, then convert each affected table using one of the
   following methods. In each case, the workaround altering
   affected columns to use the utf8_general_mysql500_ci and
   ucs2_general_mysql500_ci collations, which preserve the
   original pre-5.1.24 ordering of utf8_general_ci and
   ucs2_general_ci.

     * To convert an affected table after a binary upgrade that
       leaves the table files in place, alter the table to use
       the new collation. Suppose that the table t1 contains one
       or more problematic utf8 columns. To convert the table at
       the table level, use a statement like this:
ALTER TABLE t1
CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_mysql500_ci;

       To apply the change on a column-specific basis, use a
       statement like this (be sure to repeat the column
       definition as originally specified except for the COLLATE
       clause):
ALTER TABLE t1
MODIFY c1 CHAR(N) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_mysql500_ci;


     * To upgrade the table using a dump and reload procedure,
       dump the table using mysqldump, modify the CREATE TABLE
       statement in the dump file to use the new collation, and
       reload the table.

   After making the appropriate changes, CHECK TABLE should
   report no error.

2.11.5 Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine

   In cases where you need to transfer databases between
   different architectures, you can use mysqldump to create a
   file containing SQL statements. You can then transfer the
   file to the other machine and feed it as input to the mysql
   client.
   Note

   You can copy the .frm, .MYI, and .MYD files for MyISAM tables
   between different architectures that support the same
   floating-point format. (MySQL takes care of any byte-swapping
   issues.) See Section 15.3, "The MyISAM Storage Engine."

   Use mysqldump --help to see what options are available.

   The easiest (although not the fastest) way to move a database
   between two machines is to run the following commands on the
   machine on which the database is located:
shell> mysqladmin -h 'other_hostname' create db_name
shell> mysqldump db_name | mysql -h 'other_hostname' db_name

   If you want to copy a database from a remote machine over a
   slow network, you can use these commands:
shell> mysqladmin create db_name
shell> mysqldump -h 'other_hostname' --compress db_name | mysql db_nam
e

   You can also store the dump in a file, transfer the file to
   the target machine, and then load the file into the database
   there. For example, you can dump a database to a compressed
   file on the source machine like this:
shell> mysqldump --quick db_name | gzip > db_name.gz

   Transfer the file containing the database contents to the
   target machine and run these commands there:
shell> mysqladmin create db_name
shell> gunzip < db_name.gz | mysql db_name

   You can also use mysqldump and mysqlimport to transfer the
   database. For large tables, this is much faster than simply
   using mysqldump. In the following commands, DUMPDIR
   represents the full path name of the directory you use to
   store the output from mysqldump.

   First, create the directory for the output files and dump the
   database:
shell> mkdir DUMPDIR
shell> mysqldump --tab=DUMPDIR db_name

   Then transfer the files in the DUMPDIR directory to some
   corresponding directory on the target machine and load the
   files into MySQL there:
shell> mysqladmin create db_name           # create database
shell> cat DUMPDIR/*.sql | mysql db_name   # create tables in database
shell> mysqlimport db_name DUMPDIR/*.txt   # load data into tables

   Do not forget to copy the mysql database because that is
   where the grant tables are stored. You might have to run
   commands as the MySQL root user on the new machine until you
   have the mysql database in place.

   After you import the mysql database on the new machine,
   execute mysqladmin flush-privileges so that the server
   reloads the grant table information.

2.12 Environment Variables

   This section lists all the environment variables that are
   used directly or indirectly by MySQL. Most of these can also
   be found in other places in this manual.

   Note that any options on the command line take precedence
   over values specified in option files and environment
   variables, and values in option files take precedence over
   values in environment variables.

   In many cases, it is preferable to use an option file instead
   of environment variables to modify the behavior of MySQL. See
   Section 4.2.6, "Using Option Files."
   Variable Description
   CXX The name of your C++ compiler (for running CMake).
   CC The name of your C compiler (for running CMake).
   DBI_USER The default user name for Perl DBI.
   DBI_TRACE Trace options for Perl DBI.
   HOME The default path for the mysql history file is
   $HOME/.mysql_history.
   LD_RUN_PATH Used to specify the location of
   libmysqlclient.so.
   LIBMYSQL_ENABLE_CLEARTEXT_PLUGIN Enable mysql_clear_password
   authentication plugin; see Section 6.3.7.5, "The Cleartext
   Client-Side Authentication Plugin."
   MYSQL_DEBUG Debug trace options when debugging.
   MYSQL_GROUP_SUFFIX Option group suffix value (like specifying
   --defaults-group-suffix).
   MYSQL_HISTFILE The path to the mysql history file. If this
   variable is set, its value overrides the default for
   $HOME/.mysql_history.
   MYSQL_HOME The path to the directory in which the
   server-specific my.cnf file resides.
   MYSQL_HOST The default host name used by the mysql
   command-line client.
   MYSQL_PS1 The command prompt to use in the mysql command-line
   client.
   MYSQL_PWD The default password when connecting to mysqld.
   Note that using this is insecure. See Section 6.1.2.1,
   "End-User Guidelines for Password Security."
   MYSQL_TCP_PORT The default TCP/IP port number.
   MYSQL_UNIX_PORT The default Unix socket file name; used for
   connections to localhost.
   PATH Used by the shell to find MySQL programs.
   TMPDIR The directory where temporary files are created.
   TZ This should be set to your local time zone. See Section
   B.5.4.6, "Time Zone Problems."
   UMASK The user-file creation mode when creating files. See
   note following table.
   UMASK_DIR The user-directory creation mode when creating
   directories. See note following table.
   USER The default user name on Windows when connecting to
   mysqld.

   For information about the mysql history file, see Section
   4.5.1.3, "mysql Logging."

   The UMASK and UMASK_DIR variables, despite their names, are
   used as modes, not masks:

     * If UMASK is set, mysqld uses ($UMASK | 0600) as the mode
       for file creation, so that newly created files have a
       mode in the range from 0600 to 0666 (all values octal).

     * If UMASK_DIR is set, mysqld uses ($UMASK_DIR | 0700) as
       the base mode for directory creation, which then is
       AND-ed with ~(~$UMASK & 0666), so that newly created
       directories have a mode in the range from 0700 to 0777
       (all values octal). The AND operation may remove read and
       write permissions from the directory mode, but not
       execute permissions.

   MySQL assumes that the value for UMASK or UMASK_DIR is in
   octal if it starts with a zero.

2.13 Perl Installation Notes

   The Perl DBI module provides a generic interface for database
   access. You can write a DBI script that works with many
   different database engines without change. To use DBI, you
   must install the DBI module, as well as a DataBase Driver
   (DBD) module for each type of database server you want to
   access. For MySQL, this driver is the DBD::mysql module.

   Perl, and the DBD::MySQL module for DBI must be installed if
   you want to run the MySQL benchmark scripts; see Section
   8.12.2, "The MySQL Benchmark Suite." They are also required
   for the MySQL Cluster ndb_size.pl utility; see Section
   18.4.24, "ndb_size.pl --- NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement
   Estimator."
   Note

   Perl support is not included with MySQL distributions. You
   can obtain the necessary modules from http://search.cpan.org
   for Unix, or by using the ActiveState ppm program on Windows.
   The following sections describe how to do this.

   The DBI/DBD interface requires Perl 5.6.0, and 5.6.1 or later
   is preferred. DBI does not work if you have an older version
   of Perl. You should use DBD::mysql 4.009 or higher. Although
   earlier versions are available, they do not support the full
   functionality of MySQL 5.5.

2.13.1 Installing Perl on Unix

   MySQL Perl support requires that you have installed MySQL
   client programming support (libraries and header files). Most
   installation methods install the necessary files. If you
   install MySQL from RPM files on Linux, be sure to install the
   developer RPM as well. The client programs are in the client
   RPM, but client programming support is in the developer RPM.

   The files you need for Perl support can be obtained from the
   CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) at
   http://search.cpan.org.

   The easiest way to install Perl modules on Unix is to use the
   CPAN module. For example:
shell> perl -MCPAN -e shell
cpan> install DBI
cpan> install DBD::mysql

   The DBD::mysql installation runs a number of tests. These
   tests attempt to connect to the local MySQL server using the
   default user name and password. (The default user name is
   your login name on Unix, and ODBC on Windows. The default
   password is "no password.") If you cannot connect to the
   server with those values (for example, if your account has a
   password), the tests fail. You can use force install
   DBD::mysql to ignore the failed tests.

   DBI requires the Data::Dumper module. It may be installed; if
   not, you should install it before installing DBI.

   It is also possible to download the module distributions in
   the form of compressed tar archives and build the modules
   manually. For example, to unpack and build a DBI
   distribution, use a procedure such as this:

    1. Unpack the distribution into the current directory:
shell> gunzip < DBI-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -

       This command creates a directory named DBI-VERSION.

    2. Change location into the top-level directory of the
       unpacked distribution:
shell> cd DBI-VERSION


    3. Build the distribution and compile everything:
shell> perl Makefile.PL
shell> make
shell> make test
shell> make install

   The make test command is important because it verifies that
   the module is working. Note that when you run that command
   during the DBD::mysql installation to exercise the interface
   code, the MySQL server must be running or the test fails.

   It is a good idea to rebuild and reinstall the DBD::mysql
   distribution whenever you install a new release of MySQL.
   This ensures that the latest versions of the MySQL client
   libraries are installed correctly.

   If you do not have access rights to install Perl modules in
   the system directory or if you want to install local Perl
   modules, the following reference may be useful:
   http://learn.perl.org/faq/perlfaq8.html#How-do-I-keep-my-own-
   module-library-directory-

2.13.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows

   On Windows, you should do the following to install the MySQL
   DBD module with ActiveState Perl:

    1. Get ActiveState Perl from
       http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePerl/ and
       install it.

    2. Open a console window.

    3. If necessary, set the HTTP_proxy variable. For example,
       you might try a setting like this:
C:\> set HTTP_proxy=my.proxy.com:3128


    4. Start the PPM program:
C:\> C:\perl\bin\ppm.pl


    5. If you have not previously done so, install DBI:
ppm> install DBI


    6. If this succeeds, run the following command:
ppm> install DBD-mysql

   This procedure should work with ActiveState Perl 5.6 or
   newer.

   If you cannot get the procedure to work, you should install
   the ODBC driver instead and connect to the MySQL server
   through ODBC:
use DBI;
$dbh= DBI->connect("DBI:ODBC:$dsn",$user,$password) ||
  die "Got error $DBI::errstr when connecting to $dsn\n";

2.13.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface

   If Perl reports that it cannot find the ../mysql/mysql.so
   module, the problem is probably that Perl cannot locate the
   libmysqlclient.so shared library. You should be able to fix
   this problem by one of the following methods:

     * Copy libmysqlclient.so to the directory where your other
       shared libraries are located (probably /usr/lib or /lib).

     * Modify the -L options used to compile DBD::mysql to
       reflect the actual location of libmysqlclient.so.

     * On Linux, you can add the path name of the directory
       where libmysqlclient.so is located to the /etc/ld.so.conf
       file.

     * Add the path name of the directory where
       libmysqlclient.so is located to the LD_RUN_PATH
       environment variable. Some systems use LD_LIBRARY_PATH
       instead.

   Note that you may also need to modify the -L options if there
   are other libraries that the linker fails to find. For
   example, if the linker cannot find libc because it is in /lib
   and the link command specifies -L/usr/lib, change the -L
   option to -L/lib or add -L/lib to the existing link command.

   If you get the following errors from DBD::mysql, you are
   probably using gcc (or using an old binary compiled with
   gcc):
/usr/bin/perl: can't resolve symbol '__moddi3'
/usr/bin/perl: can't resolve symbol '__divdi3'

   Add -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/... -lgcc to the link command when the
   mysql.so library gets built (check the output from make for
   mysql.so when you compile the Perl client). The -L option
   should specify the path name of the directory where libgcc.a
   is located on your system.

   Another cause of this problem may be that Perl and MySQL are
   not both compiled with gcc. In this case, you can solve the
   mismatch by compiling both with gcc.
