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% Verbatim copy of GNU Free Documentation License. The License under
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% which this document is released.
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\chapter{GNU Free Documentation License}
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\hypertarget{cha:Licenses:GFDL}{}
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\label{cha:Licenses:GFDL}
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Version 1.2, November 2002
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\\
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\\
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Copyright \copyright\ 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  
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\\
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59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA
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\\
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
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license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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\section*{Preamble}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-0}
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The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
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functional and useful document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: to
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assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
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with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
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Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
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to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
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for modifications made by others.
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This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
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works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
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complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
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license designed for free software.
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
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software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
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program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
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software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
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it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
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whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
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principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
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\section{Applicability And Definitions}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-1}
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This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
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contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
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distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
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world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
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work under the conditions stated herein.  The ``Document'', below,
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refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
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licensee, and is addressed as ``you''.  You accept the license if you
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copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
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under copyright law.
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A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
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Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
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modifications and/or translated into another language.
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A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
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the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
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publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
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subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
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directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in
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part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
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any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
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connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
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commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
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them.
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The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
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are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
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that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a
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section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
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allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero
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Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant
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Sections then there are none.
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The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
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as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
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the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may
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be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
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A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
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represented in a format whose specification is available to the
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general public, that is suitable for revising the document
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straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
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pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
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drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
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for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
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to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
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format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
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or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
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An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
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of text.  A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
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ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, \LaTeX\ input format, SGML
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or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
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HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of
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transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats
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include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
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proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
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processing tools are not generally available, and the
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machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
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processors for output purposes only.
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The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
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plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
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this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
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formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
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the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
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preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
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A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
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title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
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text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
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specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
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``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the
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Title'' of such a section when you modify the Document means that it
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remains a section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.
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The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
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states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
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Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
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License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
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implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
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no effect on the meaning of this License.
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\section{Verbatim Copying}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-2}
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You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
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copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
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to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
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other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
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technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
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copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
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compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
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number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section
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\ref{sec:License-GFDL-3}.
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You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
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you may publicly display copies.
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\section{Copying In Quantity}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-3}
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If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
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printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
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Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
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copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
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Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
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the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
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you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
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the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
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visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
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Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
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the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
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as verbatim copying in other respects.
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If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
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legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
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reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
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pages.
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
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more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
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copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
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a computer-network location from which the general network-using
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public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
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a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
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If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
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when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
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that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
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location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
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Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
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edition to the public.
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It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
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Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
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give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
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Document.
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\section{Modifications}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-4}
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You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
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the conditions of sections \ref{sec:License-GFDL-2} and
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\ref{sec:License-GFDL-3} above, provided that you release the Modified
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Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version
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filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and
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modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of
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it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item [A.] Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
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distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
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versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History
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section of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous
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version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
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\item [B.] List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
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entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
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Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors
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of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than
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five), unless they release you from this requirement.
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\item [C.] State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
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Modified Version, as the publisher.
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\item [D.] Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
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\item [E.] Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
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adjacent to the other copyright notices.
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\item [F.] Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
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notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under
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the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
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\item [G.] Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
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Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license
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notice.
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\item [H.] Include an unaltered copy of this License.
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\item [I.] Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its
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Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
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authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title
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Page.  If there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document,
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create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
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Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the
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Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
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\item [J.] Preserve the network location, if any, given in the
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Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
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likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous
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versions it was based on.  These may be placed in the ``History''
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section.  You may omit a network location for a work that was
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published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the
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original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
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\item [K.] For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or
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``Dedications'', Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in
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the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
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acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
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\item [L.] Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
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unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the
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equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
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\item [M.] Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''.  Such a
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section may not be included in the Modified Version.
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\item [N.] Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
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``Endorsements'' or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
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\item [O.] Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
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\end{itemize}
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If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
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appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
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copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
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of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
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list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
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These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
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You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
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nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
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parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
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been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
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standard.
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You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
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passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
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of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
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Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
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through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
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includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
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by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
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you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
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permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
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The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
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give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
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imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
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\section{Combining Documents}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-5}
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You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
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License, under the terms defined in section \ref{sec:License-GFDL-4}
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above for modified versions, provided that you include in the
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combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original
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documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
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combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their
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Warranty Disclaimers.
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The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
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multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
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copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
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different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
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adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
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author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
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Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
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Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
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In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
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in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
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``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled
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``Acknowledgements'',
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and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''.  You must delete all sections
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Entitled ``Endorsements''.
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\section{Collections Of Documents}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-6}
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You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
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documents released under this License, and replace the individual
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copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
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that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
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of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
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other respects.
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You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
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distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
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copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
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License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
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document.
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\section{Aggregation With Independent Works}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-7}
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A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
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and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
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distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
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resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
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of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
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When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
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apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
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derivative works of the Document.
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If the Cover Text requirement of section \ref{sec:License-GFDL-3} is
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applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is
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less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts
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may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the
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aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is
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in electronic form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that
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bracket the whole aggregate.
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\section{Translation}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-8}
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Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
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distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
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\ref{sec:License-GFDL-4}.  Replacing Invariant Sections with
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translations requires special permission from their copyright holders,
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but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in
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addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You
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may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices
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in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
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include the original English version of this License and the original
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versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement
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between the translation and the original version of this License or a
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notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
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If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
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``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section
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\ref{sec:License-GFDL-4}) to Preserve its Title (section
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\ref{sec:License-GFDL-1}) will typically require changing the actual
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title.
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\section{Termination}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-9}
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You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
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except as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other
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attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
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void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
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However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
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this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
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parties remain in full compliance.
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\section{Future Revisions Of This License}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-10}
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The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
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GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new versions
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will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
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detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
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\url{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}.
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Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
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If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
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License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
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following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
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of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
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Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
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number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
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as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
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\section{How to use this License for your documents}
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\label{sec:License-GFDL-11}
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To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
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the License in the document and put the following copyright and
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license notices just after the title page:
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\begin{verbatim}
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   Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
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   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
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   document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
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   Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
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   Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts,
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   and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in
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   the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
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\end{verbatim}
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If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
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Texts, replace the ``with...Texts''. line with this:
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\begin{verbatim}
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   with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
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   Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
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   being LIST.
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\end{verbatim}
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If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
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combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
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situation.
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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
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free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
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permit their use in free software.
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