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[[licenses-gfdl]]
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== Appendix A. GNU Free Documentation License
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Version 1.2, November 2002
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Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  675
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Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
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license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-1]]
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=== Preamble
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The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
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functional and useful document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: to
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assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
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with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
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Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
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to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
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for modifications made by others.
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This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that
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derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same
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sense.  It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a
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copyleft license designed for free software.
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
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software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
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program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
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software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
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it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
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whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
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principally for works whose purpose is instruction or
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reference.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-2]]
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=== Applicability and definitions
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This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
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contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
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distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
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world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
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work under the conditions stated herein.  The ``Document'', below,
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refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
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licensee, and is addressed as ``you''.  You accept the license if you
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copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
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under copyright law.
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anchor:modified-version[Modified Version]
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A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
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Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
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modifications and/or translated into another language.
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anchor:secondary-section[Secondary Section]
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A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section
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of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
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publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
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subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
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directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in
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part a textbook of mathematics, a <<secondary-section>> may not
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explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
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historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of
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legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
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regarding them.
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anchor:invariant-sections[Invariant Sections]
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The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain <<secondary-section>> whose
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titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
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notice that says that the Document is released under this License.  If
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a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is
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not allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain
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zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any
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Invariant Section then there are none.
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anchor:cover-texts[Cover Texts]
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The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are
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listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that
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says that the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover
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Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25
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words.
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anchor:transparent[Transparent]
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A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
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represented in a format whose specification is available to the
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general public, that is suitable for revising the document
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straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
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pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
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drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
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for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
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to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise <<transparent>> file
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format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
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or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
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<<transparent>>.  An image format is not <<transparent>> if used for
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any substantial amount of text.  A copy that is not ``<<
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transparent>>'' is called ``Opaque''.
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Examples of suitable formats for <<transparent>> copies include plain
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ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
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or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
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HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of
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transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats
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include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
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proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
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processing tools are not generally available, and the
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machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
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processors for output purposes only.
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anchor:title-page[Title Page]
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The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
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plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
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this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
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formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
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the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
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preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
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A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
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title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
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text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
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specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
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``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the
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Title'' of such a section when you modify the Document means that it
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remains a section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this
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definition.
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The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
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states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
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Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
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License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
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implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
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no effect on the meaning of this License.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-3]]
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=== Verbatim copying
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You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
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copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
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to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
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other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
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technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
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copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
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compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
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number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section
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<<licenses-gfdl-section-4>>.
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You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
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you may publicly display copies.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-4]]
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=== Copying in quantity
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If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
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printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
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Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
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copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these
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<<cover-texts>>: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover
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Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly
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identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must
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present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent
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and visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
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Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
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the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
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as verbatim copying in other respects.
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If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
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legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
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reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
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pages.
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
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more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
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<<transparent>> copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
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each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
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network-using public has access to download using public-standard
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network protocols a complete <<transparent>> copy of the Document,
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free of added material.  If you use the latter option, you must take
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reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies
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in quantity, to ensure that this <<transparent>> copy will remain thus
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accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the
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last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your
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agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
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It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
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Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
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give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
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Document.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-5]]
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=== Modifications
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You may copy and distribute a <<modified-version>> of the Document
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under the conditions of sections <<licenses-gfdl-section-3>> and
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<<licenses-gfdl-section-4>> above, provided that you release the
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<<modified-version>> under precisely this License, with the
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<<modified-version>> filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
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distribution and modification of the <<modified-version>> to whoever
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possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the
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<<modified-version>>:
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a. Use in the <<title-page>> (and on the covers, if
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any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
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previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
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History section of the Document).  You may use the same title as a
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previous version if the original publisher of that version gives
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permission.
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b. List on the <<title-page>>, as authors, one or more persons or
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entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
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<<modified-version>>, together with at least five of the principal
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authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer
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than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
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c. State on the <<title-page>> the name of the publisher of the
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<<modified-version>>, as the publisher.
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d. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
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e. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent
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to the other copyright notices.
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f. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
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giving the public permission to use the <<modified-version>> under the
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terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
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g. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of
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<<invariant-sections>> and required <<cover-texts>> given in the
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Document's license notice.
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h. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
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i. Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and
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add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
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publisher of the <<modified-version>> as given on the <<title-page>>.
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If there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create
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one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
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given on its <<title-page>>, then add an item describing the
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<<modified-version>> as stated in the previous sentence.
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j. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
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public access to a <<transparent>> copy of the Document, and likewise
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the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it
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was based on.  These may be placed in the ``History'' section.  You
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may omit a network location for a work that was published at least
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four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of
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the version it refers to gives permission.
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k. For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'',
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Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
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substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
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dedications given therein.
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l. Preserve all the <<invariant-sections>> of the Document, unaltered
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in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the equivalent
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are not considered part of the section titles.
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m. Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''.  Such a section may
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not be included in the <<modified-version>>.
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n. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements''
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or to conflict in title with any <<invariant-sections>>.
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o. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
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If the <<modified-version>> includes new front-matter sections or
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appendices that qualify as <<secondary-section>> and contain no
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material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
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some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
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titles to the list of <<invariant-sections>> in the
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<<modified-version>>'s license notice.  These titles must be distinct
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from any other section titles.
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You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
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nothing but endorsements of your <<modified-version>> by various
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parties–for example, statements of peer review or that the text
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has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition
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of a standard.
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You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
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passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
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of <<cover-texts>> in the <<modified-version>>.  Only one passage of
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Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
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through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
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includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
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by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
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you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
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permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
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The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
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give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
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imply endorsement of any <<modified-version>>.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-6]]
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=== Combining documents
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You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
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License, under the terms defined in section
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<<licenses-gfdl-section-5>> above for modified versions, provided that
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you include in the combination all of the <<invariant-sections>> of
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all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as
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<<invariant-sections>> of your combined work in its license notice,
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and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
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The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
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multiple identical <<invariant-sections>> may be replaced with a
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single copy.  If there are multiple <<invariant-sections>> with the
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same name but different contents, make the title of each such section
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unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
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original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
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unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the
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list of <<invariant-sections>> in the license notice of the combined
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work.
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In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
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in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
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``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled
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``Acknowledgements'', and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''.  You
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must delete all sections Entitled ``Endorsements''.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-7]]
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=== Collection of documents
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You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
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documents released under this License, and replace the individual
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copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
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that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
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of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
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other respects.
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You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
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distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
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copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
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License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
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document.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-8]]
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=== Aggregation with independent works
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A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
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and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
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distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
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resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
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of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
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When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
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apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
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derivative works of the Document.
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If the Cover Text requirement of section <<licenses-gfdl-section-4>>
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is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is
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less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's
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<<cover-texts>> may be placed on covers that bracket the Document
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within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the
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Document is in electronic form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed
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covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-9]]
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=== Translations
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Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
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distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
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<<licenses-gfdl-section-5>>.  Replacing <<invariant-sections>> with
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translations requires special permission from their copyright holders,
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but you may include translations of some or all <<invariant-sections>>
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in addition to the original versions of these <<invariant-sections>>.
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You may include a translation of this License, and all the license
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notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that
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you also include the original English version of this License and the
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original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
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disagreement between the translation and the original version of this
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License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
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If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
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``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section
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<<licenses-gfdl-section-5>>) to Preserve its Title (section
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<<licenses-gfdl-section-2>>) will typically require changing the
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actual title.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-10]]
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=== Termination
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You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
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except as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other
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attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
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void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
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However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
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this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
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parties remain in full compliance.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-11]]
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=== Future Revisions of this License
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The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
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GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new versions
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will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
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detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
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http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/[http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/].
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Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
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If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
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License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
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following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
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of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
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Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
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number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
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as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
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[[licenses-gfdl-section-12]]
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=== How to use this License for your documents
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To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
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the License in the document and put the following copyright and
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license notices just after the title page:
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
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document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
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Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
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Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
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no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the
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section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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If you have <<invariant-sections>>, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
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Texts, replace the ``with...Texts''.  line with this:
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
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Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being
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LIST.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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If you have <<invariant-sections>> without <<cover-texts>>, or some
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other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit
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the situation.
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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
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free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
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permit their use in free software.